1 Kings4
New American Standard
1Now King Solomon was king over all Israel.
2These were his officials: Azariah the son of Zadok was the priest;
3Elihoreph and Ahijah, the sons of Shisha were scribes; Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was the secretary;
4and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the army; and Zadok and Abiathar were priests;
5and Azariah the son of Nathan was over the deputies; and Zabud the son of Nathan, a priest, was the king’s confidant;
6and Ahishar was over the household; and Adoniram the son of Abda was over the forced labor.
7Solomon had twelve deputies over all Israel, who provided food for the king and his household; each deputy had to provide food for a month in the year.
8And these were their names: Ben-hur, in the hill country of Ephraim;
9Ben-deker in Makaz and Shaalbim, and Beth-shemesh, and Elonbeth-hanan;
10Ben-hesed in Arubboth (Socoh was his and all the land of Hepher);
11Ben-abinadab in all the hills of Dor (Taphath the daughter of Solomon was his wife);
12Baana the son of Ahilud in Taanach and Megiddo, and all Beth-shean which is beside Zarethan below Jezreel, from Beth-shean to Abel-meholah as far as the other side of Jokmeam;
13Ben-geber in Ramoth-gilead (the villages of Jair, the son of Manasseh, which are in Gilead were his: the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, sixty great cities with walls and bronze bars were his);
14Ahinadab the son of Iddo in Mahanaim;
15Ahimaaz in Naphtali (he also married Basemath the daughter of Solomon);
16Baana the son of Hushai in Asher and Bealoth;
17Jehoshaphat the son of Paruah in Issachar;
18Shimei the son of Ela in Benjamin;
19Geber the son of Uri in the land of Gilead, the country of Sihon king of the Amorites and of Og king of Bashan; and he was the only deputy who was in the land.
20Judah and Israel were as numerous as the sand that is on the seashore in abundance; they were eating, drinking, and rejoicing.
21Now Solomon was ruling over all the kingdoms from the Euphrates River to the land of the Philistines and to the border of Egypt; they brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of his life.
22Solomon’s provision for one day was thirty kors of fine flour and sixty kors of meal,
23ten fat oxen, twenty pasture-fed oxen, and a hundred sheep, besides deer, gazelles, roebucks, and fattened geese.
24For he was ruling over everything west of the Euphrates River, from Tiphsah even to Gaza, over all the kings west of the River; and he had peace on all sides surrounding him.
25So Judah and Israel lived securely, everyone under his vine and his fig tree, from Dan even to Beersheba, all the days of Solomon.
26Solomon had forty thousand stalls of horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen.
27And those deputies provided food for King Solomon and all who came to King Solomon’s table, each in his month; they allowed nothing to be lacking.
28They also brought barley and straw for the war horses and baggage horses to the place where it was required, each deputy according to his duty.
29Now God gave Solomon wisdom and very great discernment and breadth of mind, like the sand that is on the seashore.
30Solomon’s wisdom surpassed the wisdom of all the people of the east and all the wisdom of Egypt.
31For he was wiser than all other people, more than Ethan the Ezrahite, Heman, Calcol, and Darda, the sons of Mahol; and his fame was known in all the surrounding nations.
32He also told three thousand proverbs, and his songs numbered 1,005.
33He told of trees, from the cedar that is in Lebanon even to the hyssop that grows on the wall; he told also of animals, birds, crawling things, and fish.
34People came from all the nations to hear the wisdom of Solomon, from all the kings of the earth who had heard of his wisdom.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Solomon's court. (1–19). Solomon's dominions, His daily provision. (20–28). The wisdom of Solomon. (29–34).
vv1-19
In the choice of the great officers of Solomon's court, no doubt, his wisdom appeared. Several are the same that were in his father's time. A plan was settled by which no part of the country was exhausted to supply his court, though each sent its portion.
vv20-28
Never did the crown of Israel shine so bright, as when Solomon wore it. He had peace on all sides. Herein, his kingdom was a type of the Messiah's; for to Him it is promised that he shall have the heathen for his inheritance, and that princes shall worship him. The spiritual peace, and joy, and holy security, of all the faithful subjects of the Lord Jesus, were typified by that of Israel. The kingdom of God is not, as Solomon's was, meat and drink, but, what is infinitely better, righteousness, and peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost. The vast number of his attendants, and the great resort to him, are shown by the provision daily made. Herein Christ far outdoes Solomon, that he feeds all his subjects, not with the bread that perishes, but with that which endures to eternal life.
vv29-34
Solomon's wisdom was more his glory than his wealth. He had what is here called largeness of heart, for the heart is often put for the powers of the mind. He had the gift of utterance, as well as wisdom. It is very desirable, that those who have large gifts of any kind, should have large hearts to use them for the good of others. What treasures of wisdom and knowledge are lost! But every sort of knowledge that is needful for salvation is to be found in the holy Scriptures. There came persons from all parts, who were more eager after knowledge than their neighbours, to hear the wisdom of Solomon. Solomon was herein a type of Christ, in whom are hid all treasures of wisdom and knowledge; and hid for us, for he is made of God to us, wisdom. Christ's fame shall spread through all the earth, and men of all nations shall come to him, learn of him, and take upon them his easy yoke, and find rest for their souls.
Key Words
מֶלֶךְ: a king
שְׁלֹמֹה: Shelomah, David's successor
עַל: above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
אֵלֶּה: these or those
שַׂר: a head person (of any rank or class)
עֲזַרְיָה: Azarjah, the name of nineteen Israelites
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
צָדוֹק: Tsadok, the name of eight or nine Israelites
Cross References
1 Kings 4Solomon's extensive borders and tributary kingdoms typify the global, peaceful reign of the Messiah.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Solomon's borders directly fulfill the territorial covenant promise made by God to Abraham.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The proverbial expression of peace and safety: sitting securely under one's own vine and fig tree.
Supported by JFB
Prophetic imagery echoing Solomon's peaceful reign, where every man invites his neighbor under his vine.
Supported by JFB
Christ notes the Queen of the South came to hear Solomon's wisdom, pointing to Himself.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Adoniram's role over the tribute/levy of compulsory labor is detailed further in chapter five.
Supported by JFB
The fulfillment of God's promise to grant Solomon unmatched wisdom and understanding.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Identifies Ethan, Heman, Calcol, and Dara as wise descendants of Zerah, whom Solomon excelled.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Illuminates the official court role of 'the king's friend' previously held by Hushai.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels David's monthly military division system with Solomon's monthly provision officer system.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The massive population of Judah and Israel fulfills the patriarchal promise of sand-like multiplication.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Solomon's accumulation of thousands of horses stands in tension with the Mosaic prohibition for kings.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Shows continuity in Solomon's administration, retaining Jehoshaphat the recorder from David's reign.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Matches the boundaries of the land promised in Exodus from the river to the Philistines.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Confirms Solomon's continued work of setting in order many proverbs for the people.
Supported by Matthew Henry