1 Kings3
New American Standard
1Now Solomon formed a marriage alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt, and took Pharaoh’s daughter and brought her to the city of David until he had finished building his own house and the house of the Lord, and the wall around Jerusalem.
2The people were still sacrificing on the high places, because there was no house built for the name of the Lord until those days.
3Now Solomon loved the Lord, walking in the statutes of his father David, except that he was sacrificing and burning incense on the high places.
4And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there, because that was the great high place; Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings on that altar.
5In Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream at night; and God said, “Ask what you wish Me to give you.”
6Then Solomon said, “You have shown great faithfulness to Your servant David my father, according as he walked before You in truth, righteousness, and uprightness of heart toward You; and You have reserved for him this great faithfulness, that You have given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day.
7And now, Lord my God, You have made Your servant king in place of my father David, yet I am like a little boy; I do not know how to go out or come in.
8And Your servant is in the midst of Your people whom You have chosen, a great people who are too many to be numbered or counted.
9So give Your servant an understanding heart to judge Your people, to discern between good and evil. For who is capable of judging this great people of Yours?”
10Now it was pleasing in the sight of the Lord that Solomon had asked this thing.
11And God said to him, “Because you have asked this thing, and have not asked for yourself a long life, nor have asked riches for yourself, nor have you asked for the lives of your enemies, but have asked for yourself discernment to understand justice,
12behold, I have done according to your words. Behold, I have given you a wise and discerning heart, so that there has been no one like you before you, nor shall one like you arise after you.
13I have also given you what you have not asked, both riches and honor, so that there will not be any among the kings like you all your days.
14And if you walk in My ways, keeping My statutes and commandments, as your father David walked, then I will prolong your days.”
15Then Solomon awoke, and behold, it was a dream. And he came to Jerusalem and stood before the ark of the covenant of the Lord, and offered burnt offerings and made peace offerings, and held a feast for all his servants.
16Then two women who were prostitutes came to the king and stood before him.
17The one woman said, “Pardon me, my lord: this woman and I live in the same house; and I gave birth to a child while she was in the house.
18And it happened on the third day after I gave birth, that this woman also gave birth to a child, and we were together. There was no stranger with us in the house, only the two of us in the house.
19Then this woman’s son died in the night, because she lay on him.
20So she got up in the middle of the night and took my son from beside me while your servant was asleep, and she laid him at her breast, and laid her dead son at my breast.
21When I got up in the morning to nurse my son, behold, he was dead! But when I examined him closely in the morning, behold, he was not my son, whom I had borne!”
22Then the other woman said, “No! For the living one is my son, and the dead one is your son.” But the first woman said, “No! For the dead one is your son, and the living one is my son.” So they spoke before the king.
23Then the king said, “The one says, ‘This is my son who is living, and your son is the dead one’; and the other says, ‘No! For your son is the dead one, and my son is the living one.’”
24And the king said, “Get me a sword.” So they brought a sword before the king.
25And the king said, “Cut the living child in two, and give half to the one and half to the other.”
26But the woman whose child was the living one spoke to the king, for she was deeply stirred over her son, and she said, “Pardon me, my lord! Give her the living child, and by no means kill him!” But the other woman was saying, “He shall be neither mine nor yours; cut him!”
27Then the king replied, “Give the first woman the living child, and by no means kill him. She is his mother.”
28When all Israel heard about the judgment which the king had handed down, they feared the king, because they saw that the wisdom of God was in him to administer justice.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 3.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Solomon's marriage. (1–4). His vision, His prayer for wisdom. (5–15). The judgment of Solomon. (16–28).
vv1-4
He that loved the Lord, should, for his sake, have fixed his love upon one of the Lord's people. Solomon was a wise man, a rich man, a great man; yet the brightest praise of him, is that which is the character of all the saints, even the poorest, “He loved the Lord.” Where God sows plentifully, he expects to reap accordingly; and those that truly love God and his worship, will not grudge the expenses of their religion. We must never think that wasted which is laid out in the service of God.
vv5-15
Solomon's dream was not a common one. While his bodily powers were locked up in sleep, the powers of his soul were strengthened; he was enabled to receive the Divine vision, and to make a suitable choice. God, in like manner, puts us in the ready way to be happy, by assuring us we shall have what we need, and pray for. Solomon's making such a choice when asleep, and the powers of reason least active, showed it came from the grace of God. Having a humble sense of his own wants and weakness, he pleads, Lord, I am but a little child. The more wise and considerate men are, the better acquainted they are with their own weakness, and the more jealous of themselves. Solomon begs of God to give him wisdom. We must pray for it, Jas 1:5, that it may help us in our particular calling, and the various occasions we have. Those are accepted of God, who prefer spiritual blessings to earthly good. It was a prevailing prayer, and prevailed for more than he asked. God gave him wisdom, such as no other prince was ever blessed with; and also gave him riches and honour. If we make sure of wisdom and grace, these will bring outward prosperity with them, or sweeten the want of it. The way to get spiritual blessings, is to wrestle with God in prayer for them. The way to get earthly blessings, is to refer ourselves to God concerning them. Solomon has wisdom given him, because he did ask it, and wealth, because he did not.
vv16-28
An instance of Solomon's wisdom is given. Notice the difficulty of the case. To find out the true mother, he could not try which the child loved best, and therefore tried which loved the child best: the mother's sincerity will be tried, when the child is in danger. Let parents show their love to their children, especially by taking care of their souls, and snatching them as brands out of the burning. By this and other instances of the wisdom with which God endued him, Solomon had great reputation among his people. This was better to him than weapons of war; for this he was both feared and loved.
Key Words
שְׁלֹמֹה: Shelomah, David's successor
חָתַן: to give (a daughter) away in marriage; hence (generally) to contract affinity by marriage
פַּרְעֹה: Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings
מֶלֶךְ: a king
מִצְרַיִם: Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt
לָקַח: to take (in the widest variety of applications)
בַּת: a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)
בּוֹא: to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
עִיר: a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
Cross References
1 Kings 3Explicit parallel noting the presence of Moses' tabernacle and the brazen altar at Gibeon.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Direct parallel account of God appearing to Solomon in Gibeon and granting his request.
Supported by JFB
Contrasts Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter with his later forbidden loves.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The Mosaic prohibition against sacrificing outside the designated central place of worship.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God's covenant promise to David to establish his son upon his throne.
Supported by Matthew Poole
New Testament parallel: seeking God's kingdom and wisdom first, with other blessings added.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies Gibeon as the location of the tabernacle of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
New Testament exhortation to ask God for wisdom, who gives generously to all.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identical Hebrew idiom describing intense maternal/fraternal emotion where 'bowels yearned'.
Records the eventual relocation of Pharaoh's daughter once her house was built.
Supported by JFB
Historical demonstration of the extraordinary, unequaled wisdom God granted Solomon.
Wisdom personified, offering long life in her right hand, riches and honor in her left.
David's acknowledgement that Solomon his son was young and tender for the task.
Parallels Joseph's realization that his highly significant prophetic dream was over.
Self-referential summary of Israel's response to the judicial wisdom of the king.