1 Kings3
New International Version
1Solomon made an alliance with Pharaoh king of Egypt and married his daughter. He brought her to the City of David until he finished building his palace and the temple of the Lord, and the wall around Jerusalem.
2The people, however, were still sacrificing at the high places, because a temple had not yet been built for the Name of the Lord.
3Solomon showed his love for the Lord by walking according to the instructions given him by his father David, except that he offered sacrifices and burned incense on the high places.
4The king went to Gibeon to offer sacrifices, for that was the most important high place, and Solomon offered a thousand burnt offerings on that altar.
5At Gibeon the Lord appeared to Solomon during the night in a dream, and God said, “Ask for whatever you want me to give you.”
6Solomon answered, “You have shown great kindness to your servant, my father David, because he was faithful to you and righteous and upright in heart. You have continued this great kindness to him and have given him a son to sit on his throne this very day.
7“Now, Lord my God, you have made your servant king in place of my father David. But I am only a little child and do not know how to carry out my duties.
8Your servant is here among the people you have chosen, a great people, too numerous to count or number.
9So give your servant a discerning heart to govern your people and to distinguish between right and wrong. For who is able to govern this great people of yours?”
10The Lord was pleased that Solomon had asked for this.
11So God said to him, “Since you have asked for this and not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked for the death of your enemies but for discernment in administering justice,
12I will do what you have asked. I will give you a wise and discerning heart, so that there will never have been anyone like you, nor will there ever be.
13Moreover, I will give you what you have not asked for—both wealth and honor—so that in your lifetime you will have no equal among kings.
14And if you walk in obedience to me and keep my decrees and commands as David your father did, I will give you a long life.”
15Then Solomon awoke—and he realized it had been a dream. He returned to Jerusalem, stood before the ark of the Lord’s covenant and sacrificed burnt offerings and fellowship offerings. Then he gave a feast for all his court.
16Now two prostitutes came to the king and stood before him.
17One of them said, “Pardon me, my lord. This woman and I live in the same house, and I had a baby while she was there with me.
18The third day after my child was born, this woman also had a baby. We were alone; there was no one in the house but the two of us.
19“During the night this woman’s son died because she lay on him.
20So she got up in the middle of the night and took my son from my side while I your servant was asleep. She put him by her breast and put her dead son by my breast.
21The next morning, I got up to nurse my son—and he was dead! But when I looked at him closely in the morning light, I saw that it wasn’t the son I had borne.”
22The other woman said, “No! The living one is my son; the dead one is yours.” But the first one insisted, “No! The dead one is yours; the living one is mine.” And so they argued before the king.
23The king said, “This one says, ‘My son is alive and your son is dead,’ while that one says, ‘No! Your son is dead and mine is alive.’”
24Then the king said, “Bring me a sword.” So they brought a sword for the king.
25He then gave an order: “Cut the living child in two and give half to one and half to the other.”
26The woman whose son was alive was deeply moved out of love for her son and said to the king, “Please, my lord, give her the living baby! Don’t kill him!” But the other said, “Neither I nor you shall have him. Cut him in two!”
27Then the king gave his ruling: “Give the living baby to the first woman. Do not kill him; she is his mother.”
28When all Israel heard the verdict the king had given, they held the king in awe, because they saw that he had wisdom from God to administer justice.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 3.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Solomon's marriage. (1–4). His vision, His prayer for wisdom. (5–15). The judgment of Solomon. (16–28).
vv1-4
He that loved the Lord, should, for his sake, have fixed his love upon one of the Lord's people. Solomon was a wise man, a rich man, a great man; yet the brightest praise of him, is that which is the character of all the saints, even the poorest, “He loved the Lord.” Where God sows plentifully, he expects to reap accordingly; and those that truly love God and his worship, will not grudge the expenses of their religion. We must never think that wasted which is laid out in the service of God.
vv5-15
Solomon's dream was not a common one. While his bodily powers were locked up in sleep, the powers of his soul were strengthened; he was enabled to receive the Divine vision, and to make a suitable choice. God, in like manner, puts us in the ready way to be happy, by assuring us we shall have what we need, and pray for. Solomon's making such a choice when asleep, and the powers of reason least active, showed it came from the grace of God. Having a humble sense of his own wants and weakness, he pleads, Lord, I am but a little child. The more wise and considerate men are, the better acquainted they are with their own weakness, and the more jealous of themselves. Solomon begs of God to give him wisdom. We must pray for it, Jas 1:5, that it may help us in our particular calling, and the various occasions we have. Those are accepted of God, who prefer spiritual blessings to earthly good. It was a prevailing prayer, and prevailed for more than he asked. God gave him wisdom, such as no other prince was ever blessed with; and also gave him riches and honour. If we make sure of wisdom and grace, these will bring outward prosperity with them, or sweeten the want of it. The way to get spiritual blessings, is to wrestle with God in prayer for them. The way to get earthly blessings, is to refer ourselves to God concerning them. Solomon has wisdom given him, because he did ask it, and wealth, because he did not.
vv16-28
An instance of Solomon's wisdom is given. Notice the difficulty of the case. To find out the true mother, he could not try which the child loved best, and therefore tried which loved the child best: the mother's sincerity will be tried, when the child is in danger. Let parents show their love to their children, especially by taking care of their souls, and snatching them as brands out of the burning. By this and other instances of the wisdom with which God endued him, Solomon had great reputation among his people. This was better to him than weapons of war; for this he was both feared and loved.
Key Words
שְׁלֹמֹה: Shelomah, David's successor
חָתַן: to give (a daughter) away in marriage; hence (generally) to contract affinity by marriage
פַּרְעֹה: Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings
מֶלֶךְ: a king
מִצְרַיִם: Mitsrajim, i.e. Upper and Lower Egypt
לָקַח: to take (in the widest variety of applications)
בַּת: a daughter (used in the same wide sense as other terms of relationship, literally and figuratively)
בּוֹא: to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
עִיר: a city (a place guarded by waking or a watch) in the widest sense (even of a mere encampment or post)
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
Cross References
1 Kings 3Explicit parallel noting the presence of Moses' tabernacle and the brazen altar at Gibeon.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Direct parallel account of God appearing to Solomon in Gibeon and granting his request.
Supported by JFB
Contrasts Solomon's marriage to Pharaoh's daughter with his later forbidden loves.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The Mosaic prohibition against sacrificing outside the designated central place of worship.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God's covenant promise to David to establish his son upon his throne.
Supported by Matthew Poole
New Testament parallel: seeking God's kingdom and wisdom first, with other blessings added.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies Gibeon as the location of the tabernacle of the Lord.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
New Testament exhortation to ask God for wisdom, who gives generously to all.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identical Hebrew idiom describing intense maternal/fraternal emotion where 'bowels yearned'.
Records the eventual relocation of Pharaoh's daughter once her house was built.
Supported by JFB
Historical demonstration of the extraordinary, unequaled wisdom God granted Solomon.
Wisdom personified, offering long life in her right hand, riches and honor in her left.
David's acknowledgement that Solomon his son was young and tender for the task.
Parallels Joseph's realization that his highly significant prophetic dream was over.
Self-referential summary of Israel's response to the judicial wisdom of the king.