Ezekiel 31NASB
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Ezekiel31

New American Standard

1In the eleventh year, in the third month, on the first of the month, the word of the Lord came to me, saying,

2“Son of man, say to Pharaoh king of Egypt and to his hordes, ‘Whom are you like in your greatness?

3Behold, Assyria was a cedar in Lebanon With beautiful branches and forest shade, And very high, And its top was among the clouds.

4The waters made it grow, the deep made it high. With its rivers it continually extended all around its planting place, And sent out its channels to all the trees of the field.

5Therefore its height was loftier than all the trees of the field And its boughs became many and its branches long Because of many waters as it spread them out.

6All the birds of the sky nested in its twigs, And under its branches all the animals of the field gave birth, And all great nations lived under its shade.

7So it was beautiful in its greatness, in the length of its branches; For its roots extended to many waters.

8The cedars in God’s garden could not match it; The junipers could not compare with its branches, And the plane trees could not match its branches. No tree in God’s garden could compare with it in its beauty.

9I made it beautiful with the multitude of its branches, And all the trees of Eden, which were in the garden of God, were jealous of it.

10‘Therefore this is what the Lord God says: “Because it is tall in stature and has put its top among the clouds, and its heart is haughty in its loftiness,

11I will hand it over to a ruler of the nations; he will thoroughly deal with it. In accordance with its wickedness I have driven it out.

12Foreign tyrants of the nations have cut it down and left it; on the mountains and in all the valleys its branches have fallen, and its branches have been broken in all the ravines of the land. And all the peoples of the earth have gone down from its shade and left it.

13All the birds of the sky will nest on its fallen trunk, and all the animals of the field will rest on its fallen branches,

14so that all the trees by the waters will not be exalted in their stature, nor put their tops among the clouds, nor will any of their well-watered mighty ones stand straight in their height. For they have all been turned over to death, to the earth beneath, among mankind, with those who go down to the pit.”

15‘This is what the Lord God says: “On the day when it went down to Sheol I caused mourning; I closed the deep over it and held back its rivers. And its many waters were stopped up, and I made Lebanon mourn for it, and all the trees of the field wilted away on account of it.

16I made the nations quake from the sound of its fall when I made it go down to Sheol with those who go down to the pit; and all the well-watered trees of Eden, the choicest and best of Lebanon, were comforted in the earth beneath.

17They also went down with it to Sheol to those who were slain by the sword; and those who were its strength lived in its shade among the nations.

18“To which among the trees of Eden are you so alike in glory and greatness? Yet you will be brought down with the trees of Eden to the earth beneath; you will lie in the midst of the uncircumcised with those who were killed by the sword. This is Pharaoh and all his hordes!”’ declares the Lord God.”

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ezekiel 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The glory of Assyria. (1-9). Its fall, and the like for Egypt. (10-18).

vv1-9

The falls of others, both into sin and ruin, warn us not to be secure or high-minded. The prophet is to show an instance of one whom the king of Egypt resembled in greatness, the Assyrian, compared to a stately cedar. Those who excel others, make themselves the objects of envy; but the blessings of the heavenly paradise are not liable to such alloy. The utmost security that any creature can give, is but like the shadow of a tree, a scanty and slender protection. But let us flee to God for protection, there we shall be safe. His hand must be owned in the rising of the great men of the earth, and we must not envy them. Though worldly people may seem to have firm prosperity, yet it only seems so.

vv10-18

The king of Egypt resembled the king of Assyria in his greatness: here we see he resembles him in his pride. And he shall resemble him in his fall. His own sin brings his ruin. None of our comforts are ever lost, but what have been a thousand times forfeited. When great men fall, many fall with them, as many have fallen before them. The fall of proud men is for warning to others, to keep them humble. See how low Pharaoh lies; and see what all his pomp and pride are come to. It is best to be a lowly tree of righteousness, yielding fruit to the glory of God, and to the good of men. The wicked man is often seen flourishing like the cedar, and spreading like the green bay tree, but he soon passes away, and his place is no more found. Let us then mark the perfect man, and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace.

Cross References

Ezekiel 31
v3Daniel 4:10allusion

Daniel's vision of the great tree reaching to heaven represents a proud king, paralleling the Assyrian cedar.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Ezekiel 17:23thematic

Both passages use the imagery of birds nesting in branches to depict nations dwelling under a king's rule.

Supported by JFB

v8Ezekiel 28:13allusion

Like Tyre, the Assyrian king's matchless glory is compared to the pristine splendor of Eden.

Supported by JFB

v8Genesis 2:9allusion

The reference to the trees of the garden of God directly evokes the paradise trees of Genesis.

Supported by JFB

v14Ezekiel 32:18-32thematic

Both sections depict the descent of uncircumcised nations and their leaders to the nether parts of earth.

Supported by JFB

The phrase 'dwelling under his shadow' refers to trusting in a king's political and military protection.

Supported by JFB

v17Isaiah 14:9thematic

The descent of mighty earthly rulers to Sheol (hell) stirring up the dead matches Isaiah's taunt.

Supported by JFB

v1Ezekiel 30:20thematic

Establishes the chronological sequence of prophecies against Egypt, dated just two months earlier.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Metaphor of 'waters' and 'deep' representing vast tributary peoples and national resources.

Supported by JFB

v6Daniel 4:12thematic

Identical imagery of beasts finding shadow and birds nesting in the branches of a grand tree.

Supported by JFB

v14Psalms 82:7thematic

Verifies that despite their godlike stature, great earthly monarchs will fall and die like common men.

Supported by JFB

v18Ezekiel 28:10thematic

Dying 'the death of the uncircumcised' by the sword is the ultimate humiliation for pagan rulers.

Supported by JFB

v3Ezekiel 17:3thematic

Ezekiel elsewhere uses the great cedar of Lebanon to symbolize royal dynasties and kingdoms.

Supported by JFB

v10Ezekiel 28:17thematic

The heart being 'lifted up' because of beauty and height is the direct cause of divine judgment.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v12Ezekiel 30:11thematic

Identifies the 'strangers, the terrible of the nations' as the Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar.

Supported by Matthew Poole