Ezekiel31
New International Version
1In the eleventh year, in the third month on the first day, the word of the Lord came to me:
2“Son of man, say to Pharaoh king of Egypt and to his hordes: “‘Who can be compared with you in majesty?
3Consider Assyria, once a cedar in Lebanon, with beautiful branches overshadowing the forest; it towered on high, its top above the thick foliage.
4The waters nourished it, deep springs made it grow tall; their streams flowed all around its base and sent their channels to all the trees of the field.
5So it towered higher than all the trees of the field; its boughs increased and its branches grew long, spreading because of abundant waters.
6All the birds of the sky nested in its boughs, all the animals of the wild gave birth under its branches; all the great nations lived in its shade.
7It was majestic in beauty, with its spreading boughs, for its roots went down to abundant waters.
8The cedars in the garden of God could not rival it, nor could the junipers equal its boughs, nor could the plane trees compare with its branches— no tree in the garden of God could match its beauty.
9I made it beautiful with abundant branches, the envy of all the trees of Eden in the garden of God.
10“‘Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because the great cedar towered over the thick foliage, and because it was proud of its height,
11I gave it into the hands of the ruler of the nations, for him to deal with according to its wickedness. I cast it aside,
12and the most ruthless of foreign nations cut it down and left it. Its boughs fell on the mountains and in all the valleys; its branches lay broken in all the ravines of the land. All the nations of the earth came out from under its shade and left it.
13All the birds settled on the fallen tree, and all the wild animals lived among its branches.
14Therefore no other trees by the waters are ever to tower proudly on high, lifting their tops above the thick foliage. No other trees so well-watered are ever to reach such a height; they are all destined for death, for the earth below, among mortals who go down to the realm of the dead.
15“‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: On the day it was brought down to the realm of the dead I covered the deep springs with mourning for it; I held back its streams, and its abundant waters were restrained. Because of it I clothed Lebanon with gloom, and all the trees of the field withered away.
16I made the nations tremble at the sound of its fall when I brought it down to the realm of the dead to be with those who go down to the pit. Then all the trees of Eden, the choicest and best of Lebanon, the well-watered trees, were consoled in the earth below.
17They too, like the great cedar, had gone down to the realm of the dead, to those killed by the sword, along with the armed men who lived in its shade among the nations.
18“‘Which of the trees of Eden can be compared with you in splendor and majesty? Yet you, too, will be brought down with the trees of Eden to the earth below; you will lie among the uncircumcised, with those killed by the sword. “‘This is Pharaoh and all his hordes, declares the Sovereign Lord.’”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ezekiel 31.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The glory of Assyria. (1-9). Its fall, and the like for Egypt. (10-18).
vv1-9
The falls of others, both into sin and ruin, warn us not to be secure or high-minded. The prophet is to show an instance of one whom the king of Egypt resembled in greatness, the Assyrian, compared to a stately cedar. Those who excel others, make themselves the objects of envy; but the blessings of the heavenly paradise are not liable to such alloy. The utmost security that any creature can give, is but like the shadow of a tree, a scanty and slender protection. But let us flee to God for protection, there we shall be safe. His hand must be owned in the rising of the great men of the earth, and we must not envy them. Though worldly people may seem to have firm prosperity, yet it only seems so.
vv10-18
The king of Egypt resembled the king of Assyria in his greatness: here we see he resembles him in his pride. And he shall resemble him in his fall. His own sin brings his ruin. None of our comforts are ever lost, but what have been a thousand times forfeited. When great men fall, many fall with them, as many have fallen before them. The fall of proud men is for warning to others, to keep them humble. See how low Pharaoh lies; and see what all his pomp and pride are come to. It is best to be a lowly tree of righteousness, yielding fruit to the glory of God, and to the good of men. The wicked man is often seen flourishing like the cedar, and spreading like the green bay tree, but he soon passes away, and his place is no more found. Let us then mark the perfect man, and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace.
Key Words
שָׁנֶה: a year (as a revolution of time)
שְׁלִישִׁי: third; feminine athird (part); by extension, a third (day, year or time); specifically, a third-story cell)
אֶחָד: properly, united, i.e. one; or (as an ordinal) first
חֹדֶשׁ: the new moon; by implication, a month
דָּבָר: a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
אָדָם: ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
פַּרְעֹה: Paroh, a general title of Egyptian kings
מֶלֶךְ: a king
Cross References
Ezekiel 31Daniel's vision of the great tree reaching to heaven represents a proud king, paralleling the Assyrian cedar.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Both passages use the imagery of birds nesting in branches to depict nations dwelling under a king's rule.
Supported by JFB
Like Tyre, the Assyrian king's matchless glory is compared to the pristine splendor of Eden.
Supported by JFB
The reference to the trees of the garden of God directly evokes the paradise trees of Genesis.
Supported by JFB
Both sections depict the descent of uncircumcised nations and their leaders to the nether parts of earth.
Supported by JFB
The phrase 'dwelling under his shadow' refers to trusting in a king's political and military protection.
Supported by JFB
The descent of mighty earthly rulers to Sheol (hell) stirring up the dead matches Isaiah's taunt.
Supported by JFB
Establishes the chronological sequence of prophecies against Egypt, dated just two months earlier.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Metaphor of 'waters' and 'deep' representing vast tributary peoples and national resources.
Supported by JFB
Identical imagery of beasts finding shadow and birds nesting in the branches of a grand tree.
Supported by JFB
Verifies that despite their godlike stature, great earthly monarchs will fall and die like common men.
Supported by JFB
Dying 'the death of the uncircumcised' by the sword is the ultimate humiliation for pagan rulers.
Supported by JFB
Ezekiel elsewhere uses the great cedar of Lebanon to symbolize royal dynasties and kingdoms.
Supported by JFB
The heart being 'lifted up' because of beauty and height is the direct cause of divine judgment.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies the 'strangers, the terrible of the nations' as the Babylonian army under Nebuchadnezzar.
Supported by Matthew Poole