Lamentations4
New International Version
1How the gold has lost its luster, the fine gold become dull! The sacred gems are scattered at every street corner.
2How the precious children of Zion, once worth their weight in gold, are now considered as pots of clay, the work of a potter’s hands!
3Even jackals offer their breasts to nurse their young, but my people have become heartless like ostriches in the desert.
4Because of thirst the infant’s tongue sticks to the roof of its mouth; the children beg for bread, but no one gives it to them.
5Those who once ate delicacies are destitute in the streets. Those brought up in royal purple now lie on ash heaps.
6The punishment of my people is greater than that of Sodom, which was overthrown in a moment without a hand turned to help her.
7Their princes were brighter than snow and whiter than milk, their bodies more ruddy than rubies, their appearance like lapis lazuli.
8But now they are blacker than soot; they are not recognized in the streets. Their skin has shriveled on their bones; it has become as dry as a stick.
9Those killed by the sword are better off than those who die of famine; racked with hunger, they waste away for lack of food from the field.
10With their own hands compassionate women have cooked their own children, who became their food when my people were destroyed.
11The Lord has given full vent to his wrath; he has poured out his fierce anger. He kindled a fire in Zion that consumed her foundations.
12The kings of the earth did not believe, nor did any of the peoples of the world, that enemies and foes could enter the gates of Jerusalem.
13But it happened because of the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests, who shed within her the blood of the righteous.
14Now they grope through the streets as if they were blind. They are so defiled with blood that no one dares to touch their garments.
15“Go away! You are unclean!” people cry to them. “Away! Away! Don’t touch us!” When they flee and wander about, people among the nations say, “They can stay here no longer.”
16The Lord himself has scattered them; he no longer watches over them. The priests are shown no honor, the elders no favor.
17Moreover, our eyes failed, looking in vain for help; from our towers we watched for a nation that could not save us.
18People stalked us at every step, so we could not walk in our streets. Our end was near, our days were numbered, for our end had come.
19Our pursuers were swifter than eagles in the sky; they chased us over the mountains and lay in wait for us in the desert.
20The Lord’s anointed, our very life breath, was caught in their traps. We thought that under his shadow we would live among the nations.
21Rejoice and be glad, Daughter Edom, you who live in the land of Uz. But to you also the cup will be passed; you will be drunk and stripped naked.
22Your punishment will end, Daughter Zion; he will not prolong your exile. But he will punish your sin, Daughter Edom, and expose your wickedness.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Lamentations 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The deplorable state of the nation is contrasted with its ancient prosperity. (1-22).
vv1-12
What a change is here! Sin tarnishes the beauty of the most exalted powers and the most excellent gifts; but that gold, tried in the fire, which Christ bestows, never will be taken from us; its outward appearance may be dimmed, but its real value can never be changed. The horrors of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem are again described. Beholding the sad consequences of sin in the church of old, let us seriously consider to what the same causes may justly bring down the church now. But, Lord, though we have gone from thee in rebellion, yet turn to us, and turn our hearts to thee, that we may fear thy name. Come to us, bless us with awakening, converting, renewing, confirming grace.
vv13-20
Nothing ripens a people more for ruin, nor fills the measure faster, than the sins of priests and prophets. The king himself cannot escape, for Divine vengeance pursues him. Our anointed King alone is the life of our souls; we may safely live under his shadow, and rejoice in Him in the midst of our enemies, for He is the true God and eternal life.
vv21-22
Here it is foretold that an end should be put to Zion's troubles. Not the fulness of punishment deserved, but of what God has determined to inflict. An end shall be put to Edom's triumphs. All the troubles of the church and of the believer will soon be accomplished. And the doom of their enemies approaches. The Lord will bring their sins to light, and they shall lie down in eternal sorrow. Edom here represents all the enemies of the church. And the corruption, and sin of Israel, which the prophet has proved to be universal, justifies the judgments of the Lord. It shows the need of that grace in Christ Jesus, which the sin and corruption of all mankind make so necessary.
Key Words
אֵיךְ: how? or how!; also where
זָהָב: gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky
עָמַם: to associate; by implication, to overshadow (by huddling together)
טוֹב: good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good thing, a good man or woman; the good, goods or good things, good men or women), also as an adverb (well)
כֶּתֶם: properly, something carved out, i.e. ore; hence, gold (pure as originally mined)
שָׁנָא: to alter
קֹדֶשׁ: a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
אֶבֶן: a stone
שָׁפַךְ: to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out
רֹאשׁ: the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
Cross References
Lamentations 4Textual fulfillment: Nebuzaradan burning the temple, dimming the gold and casting down the sanctuary stones.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Zion's sons broken like the potter's earthen vessel, recalling Jeremiah's symbolic action at the potter's house.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Fulfillment of Moses' curse that compassionate women would boil and eat their own children during siege.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The natural-history comparison to the ostriches, who are hardened against their young in the wilderness.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God's anger kindled a fire in Zion that devoured even the foundations, fulfilling Deuteronomy.
Supported by JFB
The swiftness of the Chaldean pursuers described metaphorically as eagles, fulfilling Mosaic warning.
Supported by JFB
Socio-spiritual comparison: Jerusalem's deep-seated iniquity exceeding the sudden, complete destruction of Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explains the biblical vow of the Nazarites, once pure but now physically degraded by famine.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels the extreme physical description of skin turning black and bones withering under affliction.
Supported by JFB
Internal Lamentations parallel depicting mothers eating their offspring in desperate straits.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies the corrupt prophets and priests whose sins precipitated the bloody destruction of Jerusalem.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Internal thematic parallel of eyes failing while looking to unreliable allies who cannot save.
Supported by JFB
Historical fulfillment of watching vainly for Egypt, a nation that could not deliver.
Supported by JFB
Edom's malicious joy over Zion's fall triggers the cup of wrath returning upon them.
Supported by JFB
The announcement that the warfare and punishment of Zion is completed and exile ended.
Supported by Matthew Henry