Ezekiel 16NIV
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Ezekiel16

New International Version

1The word of the Lord came to me:

2“Son of man, confront Jerusalem with her detestable practices

3and say, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says to Jerusalem: Your ancestry and birth were in the land of the Canaanites; your father was an Amorite and your mother a Hittite.

4On the day you were born your cord was not cut, nor were you washed with water to make you clean, nor were you rubbed with salt or wrapped in cloths.

5No one looked on you with pity or had compassion enough to do any of these things for you. Rather, you were thrown out into the open field, for on the day you were born you were despised.

6“‘Then I passed by and saw you kicking about in your blood, and as you lay there in your blood I said to you, “Live!”

7I made you grow like a plant of the field. You grew and developed and entered puberty. Your breasts had formed and your hair had grown, yet you were stark naked.

8“‘Later I passed by, and when I looked at you and saw that you were old enough for love, I spread the corner of my garment over you and covered your naked body. I gave you my solemn oath and entered into a covenant with you, declares the Sovereign Lord, and you became mine.

9“‘I bathed you with water and washed the blood from you and put ointments on you.

10I clothed you with an embroidered dress and put sandals of fine leather on you. I dressed you in fine linen and covered you with costly garments.

11I adorned you with jewelry: I put bracelets on your arms and a necklace around your neck,

12and I put a ring on your nose, earrings on your ears and a beautiful crown on your head.

13So you were adorned with gold and silver; your clothes were of fine linen and costly fabric and embroidered cloth. Your food was honey, olive oil and the finest flour. You became very beautiful and rose to be a queen.

14And your fame spread among the nations on account of your beauty, because the splendor I had given you made your beauty perfect, declares the Sovereign Lord.

15“‘But you trusted in your beauty and used your fame to become a prostitute. You lavished your favors on anyone who passed by and your beauty became his.

16You took some of your garments to make gaudy high places, where you carried on your prostitution. You went to him, and he possessed your beauty.

17You also took the fine jewelry I gave you, the jewelry made of my gold and silver, and you made for yourself male idols and engaged in prostitution with them.

18And you took your embroidered clothes to put on them, and you offered my oil and incense before them.

19Also the food I provided for you—the flour, olive oil and honey I gave you to eat—you offered as fragrant incense before them. That is what happened, declares the Sovereign Lord.

20“‘And you took your sons and daughters whom you bore to me and sacrificed them as food to the idols. Was your prostitution not enough?

21You slaughtered my children and sacrificed them to the idols.

22In all your detestable practices and your prostitution you did not remember the days of your youth, when you were naked and bare, kicking about in your blood.

23“‘Woe! Woe to you, declares the Sovereign Lord. In addition to all your other wickedness,

24you built a mound for yourself and made a lofty shrine in every public square.

25At every street corner you built your lofty shrines and degraded your beauty, spreading your legs with increasing promiscuity to anyone who passed by.

26You engaged in prostitution with the Egyptians, your neighbors with large genitals, and aroused my anger with your increasing promiscuity.

27So I stretched out my hand against you and reduced your territory; I gave you over to the greed of your enemies, the daughters of the Philistines, who were shocked by your lewd conduct.

28You engaged in prostitution with the Assyrians too, because you were insatiable; and even after that, you still were not satisfied.

29Then you increased your promiscuity to include Babylonia, a land of merchants, but even with this you were not satisfied.

30“‘I am filled with fury against you, declares the Sovereign Lord, when you do all these things, acting like a brazen prostitute!

31When you built your mounds at every street corner and made your lofty shrines in every public square, you were unlike a prostitute, because you scorned payment.

32“‘You adulterous wife! You prefer strangers to your own husband!

33All prostitutes receive gifts, but you give gifts to all your lovers, bribing them to come to you from everywhere for your illicit favors.

34So in your prostitution you are the opposite of others; no one runs after you for your favors. You are the very opposite, for you give payment and none is given to you.

35“‘Therefore, you prostitute, hear the word of the Lord!

36This is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you poured out your lust and exposed your naked body in your promiscuity with your lovers, and because of all your detestable idols, and because you gave them your children’s blood,

37therefore I am going to gather all your lovers, with whom you found pleasure, those you loved as well as those you hated. I will gather them against you from all around and will strip you in front of them, and they will see you stark naked.

38I will sentence you to the punishment of women who commit adultery and who shed blood; I will bring on you the blood vengeance of my wrath and jealous anger.

39Then I will deliver you into the hands of your lovers, and they will tear down your mounds and destroy your lofty shrines. They will strip you of your clothes and take your fine jewelry and leave you stark naked.

40They will bring a mob against you, who will stone you and hack you to pieces with their swords.

41They will burn down your houses and inflict punishment on you in the sight of many women. I will put a stop to your prostitution, and you will no longer pay your lovers.

42Then my wrath against you will subside and my jealous anger will turn away from you; I will be calm and no longer angry.

43“‘Because you did not remember the days of your youth but enraged me with all these things, I will surely bring down on your head what you have done, declares the Sovereign Lord. Did you not add lewdness to all your other detestable practices?

44“‘Everyone who quotes proverbs will quote this proverb about you: “Like mother, like daughter.”

45You are a true daughter of your mother, who despised her husband and her children; and you are a true sister of your sisters, who despised their husbands and their children. Your mother was a Hittite and your father an Amorite.

46Your older sister was Samaria, who lived to the north of you with her daughters; and your younger sister, who lived to the south of you with her daughters, was Sodom.

47You not only followed their ways and copied their detestable practices, but in all your ways you soon became more depraved than they.

48As surely as I live, declares the Sovereign Lord, your sister Sodom and her daughters never did what you and your daughters have done.

49“‘Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy.

50They were haughty and did detestable things before me. Therefore I did away with them as you have seen.

51Samaria did not commit half the sins you did. You have done more detestable things than they, and have made your sisters seem righteous by all these things you have done.

52Bear your disgrace, for you have furnished some justification for your sisters. Because your sins were more vile than theirs, they appear more righteous than you. So then, be ashamed and bear your disgrace, for you have made your sisters appear righteous.

53“‘However, I will restore the fortunes of Sodom and her daughters and of Samaria and her daughters, and your fortunes along with them,

54so that you may bear your disgrace and be ashamed of all you have done in giving them comfort.

55And your sisters, Sodom with her daughters and Samaria with her daughters, will return to what they were before; and you and your daughters will return to what you were before.

56You would not even mention your sister Sodom in the day of your pride,

57before your wickedness was uncovered. Even so, you are now scorned by the daughters of Edom and all her neighbors and the daughters of the Philistines—all those around you who despise you.

58You will bear the consequences of your lewdness and your detestable practices, declares the Lord.

59“‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: I will deal with you as you deserve, because you have despised my oath by breaking the covenant.

60Yet I will remember the covenant I made with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish an everlasting covenant with you.

61Then you will remember your ways and be ashamed when you receive your sisters, both those who are older than you and those who are younger. I will give them to you as daughters, but not on the basis of my covenant with you.

62So I will establish my covenant with you, and you will know that I am the Lord.

63Then, when I make atonement for you for all you have done, you will remember and be ashamed and never again open your mouth because of your humiliation, declares the Sovereign Lord.’”

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Ezekiel 16.

Full AI study →

Chapter Summary

In this chapter: A parable showing the first low estate of the Jewish nation, its prosperity, idolatries, and punishment. (1-63).

vv1-58

In this chapter God's dealings with the Jewish nation, and their conduct towards him, are described, and their punishment through the surrounding nations, even those they most trusted in. This is done under the parable of an exposed infant rescued from death, educated, espoused, and richly provided for, but afterwards guilty of the most abandoned conduct, and punished for it; yet at last received into favour, and ashamed of her base conduct. We are not to judge of these expressions by modern ideas, but by those of the times and places in which they were used, where many of them would not sound as they do to us. The design was to raise hatred to idolatry, and such a parable was well suited for that purpose.

vv59-63

After a full warning of judgments, mercy is remembered, mercy is reserved. These closing verses are a precious promise, in part fulfilled at the return of the penitent and reformed Jews out of Babylon, but to have fuller accomplishment in gospel times. The Divine mercy should be powerful to melt our hearts into godly sorrow for sin. Nor will God ever leave the sinner to perish, who is humbled for his sins, and comes to trust in His mercy and grace through Jesus Christ; but will keep him by his power, through faith unto salvation.

Cross References

Ezekiel 16
v45Ezekiel 16:3thematic

Repeats the parentage theme: 'thy father was an Amorite, and thy mother an Hittite.'

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v61Ezekiel 36:31thematic

Direct parallel of remembering evil ways and feeling shame/loathing when God's grace is restored.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v3Genesis 15:16thematic

Jerusalem's spiritual parentage is linked to the Amorites, whose sins were filling up.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Hosea 2:3thematic

Hosea similarly uses the metaphor of birth, nakedness, and exposure to describe Israel's early history.

Supported by JFB

v16Hosea 2:8thematic

Israel took God's gifts of silver, gold, and agricultural abundance and offered them to idols.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v22Hosea 2:3thematic

Verbally echoes Israel's original helpless, naked, and unswaddled state at birth.

Supported by John Calvin, JFB

The Mosaic law prescribing death by stoning for women committing adultery.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v43Ezekiel 16:22thematic

Direct parallel concerning Israel's failure to remember the days of her youth.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v51Jeremiah 3:11thematic

Verbal and conceptual parallel: backsliding Israel has justified herself more than treacherous Judah.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v60Leviticus 26:42thematic

God promises to remember His covenant despite Israel's failures and breaches.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

The famous New Covenant promise, contrasting with the broken Old Covenant ('not by thy covenant').

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v62Ezekiel 16:60thematic

Immediate context where God promises to establish an everlasting covenant despite Israel's unfaithfulness.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v63Romans 3:19thematic

Parallel to 'never open thy mouth any more because of thy shame'—every mouth stopped before God.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v3Isaiah 51:1thematic

Contrasts their biological 'diggings' in Canaan with their call to look to Abraham and Sarah.

Supported by JFB

v3Ezekiel 16:45thematic

Later in this same sermon, Jerusalem is explicitly called the daughter of a Hittite mother.

Supported by JFB

v3Joshua 24:2thematic

Joshua notes Abraham's ancestors served other gods, grounding the 'Amorite/Hittite' pagan pedigree.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v4Exodus 1:15-22thematic

The historical background of Israel's infancy, where Pharaoh ordered newborn boys cast out.

Supported by John Calvin, JFB

v6Ezekiel 20:5-10thematic

Ezekiel's prose account of Israel's early state and idolatry in Egypt before God delivered them.

Supported by John Calvin

v10Psalms 45:13thematic

Describes the glorious bridal garments provided for the king's daughter, echoing Jerusalem's royal dressing.

Supported by JFB

v20Psalms 106:37thematic

Explicit historical parallel of Israel sacrificing their sons and daughters to Canaanite demons.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v21Ezekiel 16:20thematic

Directly links to the immediate context of sacrificing God's own children to idols.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

v22Jeremiah 2:2thematic

Parallels Israel's early history and covenant relationship in the 'days of thy youth'.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v33Hosea 8:9thematic

Contrast of Ephraim hiring lovers with standard harlots receiving hire.

Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin

Parallels the judgment of exposed nakedness before former lovers due to persistent whorings.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v37Ezekiel 23:25thematic

Identifies the former political lovers as the direct instruments of God's severe judgment.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v46Ezekiel 16:61thematic

Identifies the elder and younger sisters when God establishes the covenant.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v46Ezekiel 23:4thematic

Explicit sisterly representation where Samaria is named Aholah and Jerusalem Aholibah.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v54Ezekiel 16:52thematic

Elaborates on bearing shame and being confounded in comparison to sisters Sodom and Samaria.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v60Jeremiah 31:31-34fulfillment

The ultimate establishment of the promised 'everlasting covenant' in gospel times.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v61Ezekiel 20:43thematic

Parallel language of remembering ways, being ashamed, and loathing self after restoration.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v61Jeremiah 31:19thematic

Depicts Ephraim being instructed, repenting, smiting his thigh, and being thoroughly ashamed.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v61Ezekiel 36:32thematic

Reiterates that God's grace is not for their sakes, urging shame and confusion.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v61Ezekiel 16:46thematic

Identifies the elder and younger sisters (Samaria and Sodom) referenced in verse 61.

Supported by JFB

v63Ezra 9:6thematic

Ezra's prayer embodying the exact shame, confusion, and inability to lift up his face.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v63Job 40:4thematic

Job lays his hand upon his mouth in silenced humility before God's majesty.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v8Malachi 2:14thematic

Covenants are described in terms of a marriage relationship, of which God is witness.

Supported by JFB