Lamentations4
New American Standard
1How dark the gold has become, How the pure gold has changed! The sacred stones are spilled out At the corner of every street.
2The precious sons of Zion, Weighed against pure gold, How they are regarded as earthenware jars, The work of a potter’s hands!
3Even jackals offer the breast, They nurse their young; But the daughter of my people has proved herself cruel, Like ostriches in the wilderness.
4The tongue of the infant clings To the roof of its mouth because of thirst; The children ask for bread, But no one breaks it for them.
5Those who used to eat delicacies Are made to tremble in the streets; Those who were raised in crimson clothing Embrace garbage heaps.
6For the wrongdoing of the daughter of my people Is greater than the sin of Sodom, Which was overthrown as in a moment, And no hands were turned toward her.
7Her consecrated ones were purer than snow, They shined more than milk; They were more ruddy in body than pearls of coral, Their form was like lapis lazuli.
8Their appearance is darker than soot, They are not recognized in the streets; Their skin is shriveled on their bones, It is dry, it has become like wood.
9Better off are those killed by the sword Than those killed by hunger; For they waste away, stricken By the lack of the produce of the field.
10The hands of compassionate women Boiled their own children; They became food for them Due to the destruction of the daughter of my people.
11The Lord has expended His wrath, He has poured out His fierce anger; And He has kindled a fire in Zion, And it has consumed its foundations.
12The kings of the earth did not believe, Nor did any of the inhabitants of the world, That the adversary and the enemy Would enter the gates of Jerusalem.
13Because of the sins of her prophets And the wrongdoings of her priests, Who have shed in her midst The blood of the righteous,
14They wandered, blind, in the streets; They were defiled with blood, Such that no one could touch their garments.
15“Keep away! Unclean!” they cried out of themselves. “Keep away, keep away, do not touch!” For they distanced themselves as well as wandered; People among the nations said, “They shall not continue to reside with us.”
16The presence of the Lord has scattered them, He will not continue to look at them; They did not honor the priests, They did not favor the elders.
17Yet our eyes failed, Looking for help was useless; At our observation point we have watched For a nation that could not save.
18They hunted our steps So that we could not walk in our streets; Our end drew near, Our days were finished For our end had come.
19Our pursuers were swifter Than the eagles of the sky; They chased us on the mountains, They waited in ambush for us in the wilderness.
20The breath of our nostrils, the Lord’s anointed, Was captured in their pits, Of whom we had said, “In his shadow We shall live among the nations.”
21Rejoice and be joyful, daughter of Edom, Who lives in the land of Uz; But the cup will pass to you as well, You will become drunk and expose yourself.
22The punishment of your wrongdoing has been completed, daughter of Zion; He will no longer exile you. But He will punish your wrongdoing, daughter of Edom; He will expose your sins!
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Lamentations 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The deplorable state of the nation is contrasted with its ancient prosperity. (1-22).
vv1-12
What a change is here! Sin tarnishes the beauty of the most exalted powers and the most excellent gifts; but that gold, tried in the fire, which Christ bestows, never will be taken from us; its outward appearance may be dimmed, but its real value can never be changed. The horrors of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem are again described. Beholding the sad consequences of sin in the church of old, let us seriously consider to what the same causes may justly bring down the church now. But, Lord, though we have gone from thee in rebellion, yet turn to us, and turn our hearts to thee, that we may fear thy name. Come to us, bless us with awakening, converting, renewing, confirming grace.
vv13-20
Nothing ripens a people more for ruin, nor fills the measure faster, than the sins of priests and prophets. The king himself cannot escape, for Divine vengeance pursues him. Our anointed King alone is the life of our souls; we may safely live under his shadow, and rejoice in Him in the midst of our enemies, for He is the true God and eternal life.
vv21-22
Here it is foretold that an end should be put to Zion's troubles. Not the fulness of punishment deserved, but of what God has determined to inflict. An end shall be put to Edom's triumphs. All the troubles of the church and of the believer will soon be accomplished. And the doom of their enemies approaches. The Lord will bring their sins to light, and they shall lie down in eternal sorrow. Edom here represents all the enemies of the church. And the corruption, and sin of Israel, which the prophet has proved to be universal, justifies the judgments of the Lord. It shows the need of that grace in Christ Jesus, which the sin and corruption of all mankind make so necessary.
Key Words
אֵיךְ: how? or how!; also where
זָהָב: gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky
עָמַם: to associate; by implication, to overshadow (by huddling together)
טוֹב: good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good thing, a good man or woman; the good, goods or good things, good men or women), also as an adverb (well)
כֶּתֶם: properly, something carved out, i.e. ore; hence, gold (pure as originally mined)
שָׁנָא: to alter
קֹדֶשׁ: a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
אֶבֶן: a stone
שָׁפַךְ: to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out
רֹאשׁ: the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
Cross References
Lamentations 4Textual fulfillment: Nebuzaradan burning the temple, dimming the gold and casting down the sanctuary stones.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Zion's sons broken like the potter's earthen vessel, recalling Jeremiah's symbolic action at the potter's house.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Fulfillment of Moses' curse that compassionate women would boil and eat their own children during siege.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The natural-history comparison to the ostriches, who are hardened against their young in the wilderness.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God's anger kindled a fire in Zion that devoured even the foundations, fulfilling Deuteronomy.
Supported by JFB
The swiftness of the Chaldean pursuers described metaphorically as eagles, fulfilling Mosaic warning.
Supported by JFB
Socio-spiritual comparison: Jerusalem's deep-seated iniquity exceeding the sudden, complete destruction of Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explains the biblical vow of the Nazarites, once pure but now physically degraded by famine.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels the extreme physical description of skin turning black and bones withering under affliction.
Supported by JFB
Internal Lamentations parallel depicting mothers eating their offspring in desperate straits.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies the corrupt prophets and priests whose sins precipitated the bloody destruction of Jerusalem.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Internal thematic parallel of eyes failing while looking to unreliable allies who cannot save.
Supported by JFB
Historical fulfillment of watching vainly for Egypt, a nation that could not deliver.
Supported by JFB
Edom's malicious joy over Zion's fall triggers the cup of wrath returning upon them.
Supported by JFB
The announcement that the warfare and punishment of Zion is completed and exile ended.
Supported by Matthew Henry