Lamentations4
World English Bible · Public Domain
1How the gold has become dim! The most pure gold has changed! The stones of the sanctuary are poured out at the head of every street.
2The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold, how they are esteemed as earthen pitchers, the work of the hands of the potter!
3Even the jackals offer their breast. They nurse their young ones. But the daughter of my people has become cruel, like the ostriches in the wilderness.
4The tongue of the nursing child clings to the roof of his mouth for thirst. The young children ask for bread, and no one breaks it for them.
5Those who ate delicacies are desolate in the streets. Those who were brought up in purple embrace dunghills.
6For the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom, which was overthrown as in a moment. No hands were laid on her.
7Her nobles were purer than snow. They were whiter than milk. They were more ruddy in body than rubies. Their polishing was like sapphire.
8Their appearance is blacker than a coal. They are not known in the streets. Their skin clings to their bones. It is withered. It has become like wood.
9Those who are killed with the sword are better than those who are killed with hunger; for these pine away, stricken through, for lack of the fruits of the field.
10The hands of the pitiful women have boiled their own children. They were their food in the destruction of the daughter of my people.
11Yahweh has accomplished his wrath. He has poured out his fierce anger. He has kindled a fire in Zion, which has devoured its foundations.
12The kings of the earth didn’t believe, neither did all the inhabitants of the world, that the adversary and the enemy would enter into the gates of Jerusalem.
13It is because of the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests, that have shed the blood of the just in the middle of her.
14They wander as blind men in the streets. They are polluted with blood, So that men can’t touch their garments.
15“Go away!” they cried to them. “Unclean! Go away! Go away! Don’t touch! When they fled away and wandered, men said among the nations, “They can’t live here any more.”
16Yahweh’s anger has scattered them. He will not pay attention to them any more. They didn’t respect the persons of the priests. They didn’t favor the elders.
17Our eyes still fail, looking in vain for our help. In our watching we have watched for a nation that could not save.
18They hunt our steps, so that we can’t go in our streets. Our end is near. Our days are fulfilled, for our end has come.
19Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles of the sky. They chased us on the mountains. They set an ambush for us in the wilderness.
20The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of Yahweh, was taken in their pits; of whom we said, under his shadow we will live among the nations.
21Rejoice and be glad, daughter of Edom, who dwells in the land of Uz. The cup will pass through to you also. You will be drunken, and will make yourself naked.
22The punishment of your iniquity is accomplished, daughter of Zion. He will no more carry you away into captivity. He will visit your iniquity, daughter of Edom. He will uncover your sins.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Lamentations 4.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The deplorable state of the nation is contrasted with its ancient prosperity. (1-22).
vv1-12
What a change is here! Sin tarnishes the beauty of the most exalted powers and the most excellent gifts; but that gold, tried in the fire, which Christ bestows, never will be taken from us; its outward appearance may be dimmed, but its real value can never be changed. The horrors of the siege and destruction of Jerusalem are again described. Beholding the sad consequences of sin in the church of old, let us seriously consider to what the same causes may justly bring down the church now. But, Lord, though we have gone from thee in rebellion, yet turn to us, and turn our hearts to thee, that we may fear thy name. Come to us, bless us with awakening, converting, renewing, confirming grace.
vv13-20
Nothing ripens a people more for ruin, nor fills the measure faster, than the sins of priests and prophets. The king himself cannot escape, for Divine vengeance pursues him. Our anointed King alone is the life of our souls; we may safely live under his shadow, and rejoice in Him in the midst of our enemies, for He is the true God and eternal life.
vv21-22
Here it is foretold that an end should be put to Zion's troubles. Not the fulness of punishment deserved, but of what God has determined to inflict. An end shall be put to Edom's triumphs. All the troubles of the church and of the believer will soon be accomplished. And the doom of their enemies approaches. The Lord will bring their sins to light, and they shall lie down in eternal sorrow. Edom here represents all the enemies of the church. And the corruption, and sin of Israel, which the prophet has proved to be universal, justifies the judgments of the Lord. It shows the need of that grace in Christ Jesus, which the sin and corruption of all mankind make so necessary.
Key Words
אֵיךְ: how? or how!; also where
זָהָב: gold, figuratively, something gold-colored (i.e. yellow), as oil, a clear sky
עָמַם: to associate; by implication, to overshadow (by huddling together)
טוֹב: good (as an adjective) in the widest sense; used likewise as a noun, both in the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural (good, a good or good thing, a good man or woman; the good, goods or good things, good men or women), also as an adverb (well)
כֶּתֶם: properly, something carved out, i.e. ore; hence, gold (pure as originally mined)
שָׁנָא: to alter
קֹדֶשׁ: a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
אֶבֶן: a stone
שָׁפַךְ: to spill forth (blood, a libation, liquid metal; or even a solid, i.e. to mound up); also (figuratively) to expend (life, soul, complaint, money, etc.); intensively, to sprawl out
רֹאשׁ: the head (as most easily shaken), whether literal or figurative (in many applications, of place, time, rank, itc.)
Cross References
Lamentations 4Textual fulfillment: Nebuzaradan burning the temple, dimming the gold and casting down the sanctuary stones.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Zion's sons broken like the potter's earthen vessel, recalling Jeremiah's symbolic action at the potter's house.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Fulfillment of Moses' curse that compassionate women would boil and eat their own children during siege.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The natural-history comparison to the ostriches, who are hardened against their young in the wilderness.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
God's anger kindled a fire in Zion that devoured even the foundations, fulfilling Deuteronomy.
Supported by JFB
The swiftness of the Chaldean pursuers described metaphorically as eagles, fulfilling Mosaic warning.
Supported by JFB
Socio-spiritual comparison: Jerusalem's deep-seated iniquity exceeding the sudden, complete destruction of Sodom.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explains the biblical vow of the Nazarites, once pure but now physically degraded by famine.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels the extreme physical description of skin turning black and bones withering under affliction.
Supported by JFB
Internal Lamentations parallel depicting mothers eating their offspring in desperate straits.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies the corrupt prophets and priests whose sins precipitated the bloody destruction of Jerusalem.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Internal thematic parallel of eyes failing while looking to unreliable allies who cannot save.
Supported by JFB
Historical fulfillment of watching vainly for Egypt, a nation that could not deliver.
Supported by JFB
Edom's malicious joy over Zion's fall triggers the cup of wrath returning upon them.
Supported by JFB
The announcement that the warfare and punishment of Zion is completed and exile ended.
Supported by Matthew Henry