1 Kings 19NIV
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1 Kings19

New International Version

1Now Ahab told Jezebel everything Elijah had done and how he had killed all the prophets with the sword.

2So Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah to say, “May the gods deal with me, be it ever so severely, if by this time tomorrow I do not make your life like that of one of them.”

3Elijah was afraid and ran for his life. When he came to Beersheba in Judah, he left his servant there,

4while he himself went a day’s journey into the wilderness. He came to a broom bush, sat down under it and prayed that he might die. “I have had enough, Lord,” he said. “Take my life; I am no better than my ancestors.”

5Then he lay down under the bush and fell asleep. All at once an angel touched him and said, “Get up and eat.”

6He looked around, and there by his head was some bread baked over hot coals, and a jar of water. He ate and drank and then lay down again.

7The angel of the Lord came back a second time and touched him and said, “Get up and eat, for the journey is too much for you.”

8So he got up and ate and drank. Strengthened by that food, he traveled forty days and forty nights until he reached Horeb, the mountain of God.

9There he went into a cave and spent the night. And the word of the Lord came to him: “What are you doing here, Elijah?”

10He replied, “I have been very zealous for the Lord God Almighty. The Israelites have rejected your covenant, torn down your altars, and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, and now they are trying to kill me too.”

11The Lord said, “Go out and stand on the mountain in the presence of the Lord, for the Lord is about to pass by.” Then a great and powerful wind tore the mountains apart and shattered the rocks before the Lord, but the Lord was not in the wind. After the wind there was an earthquake, but the Lord was not in the earthquake.

12After the earthquake came a fire, but the Lord was not in the fire. And after the fire came a gentle whisper.

13When Elijah heard it, he pulled his cloak over his face and went out and stood at the mouth of the cave. Then a voice said to him, “What are you doing here, Elijah?”

14He replied, “I have been very zealous for the Lord God Almighty. The Israelites have rejected your covenant, torn down your altars, and put your prophets to death with the sword. I am the only one left, and now they are trying to kill me too.”

15The Lord said to him, “Go back the way you came, and go to the Desert of Damascus. When you get there, anoint Hazael king over Aram.

16Also, anoint Jehu son of Nimshi king over Israel, and anoint Elisha son of Shaphat from Abel Meholah to succeed you as prophet.

17Jehu will put to death any who escape the sword of Hazael, and Elisha will put to death any who escape the sword of Jehu.

18Yet I reserve seven thousand in Israel—all whose knees have not bowed down to Baal and whose mouths have not kissed him.”

19So Elijah went from there and found Elisha son of Shaphat. He was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen, and he himself was driving the twelfth pair. Elijah went up to him and threw his cloak around him.

20Elisha then left his oxen and ran after Elijah. “Let me kiss my father and mother goodbye,” he said, “and then I will come with you.” “Go back,” Elijah replied. “What have I done to you?”

21So Elisha left him and went back. He took his yoke of oxen and slaughtered them. He burned the plowing equipment to cook the meat and gave it to the people, and they ate. Then he set out to follow Elijah and became his servant.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 19.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: Elijah flees to the wilderness. (1–8). God manifests himself to Elijah. (9–13). God's answer to Elijah. (14–18). The call of Elisha. (19–21).

vv1-8

Jezebel sent Elijah a threatening message. Carnal hearts are hardened and enraged against God, by that which should convince and conquer them. Great faith is not always alike strong. He might be serviceable to Israel at this time, and had all reason to depend upon God's protection, while doing God's work; yet he flees. His was not the deliberate desire of grace, as Paul's, to depart and be with Christ. God thus left Elijah to himself, to show that when he was bold and strong, it was in the Lord, and the power of his might; but of himself he was no better than his fathers. God knows what he designs us for, though we do not, what services, what trials, and he will take care that we are furnished with grace sufficient.

vv9-13

The question God put, What doest thou here, Elijah? is a reproof. It concerns us often to ask whether we are in our place, and in the way of our duty. Am I where I should be? whither God calls me, where my business lies, and where I may be useful? He complained of the people, and their obstinacy in sin; I only am left. Despair of success hinders many a good enterprise. Did Elijah come hither to meet with God? he shall find that God will meet him. The wind, and earthquake, and fire, did not make him cover his face, but the still voice did. Gracious souls are more affected by the tender mercies of the Lord, than by his terrors. The mild voice of Him who speaks from the cross, or the mercy-seat, is accompanied with peculiar power in taking possession of the heart.

vv14-18

God repeated the question, What doest thou here? Then he complained of his discouragement; and whither should God's prophets go with their complaints of that kind, but to their Master? The Lord gave him an answer. He declares that the wicked house of Ahab shall be rooted out, that the people of Israel shall be punished for their sins; and he shows that Elijah was not left alone as he had supposed, and also that a helper should at once be raised up for him. Thus all his complaints are answered and provided for. God's faithful ones are often his hidden ones, Ps 83:3, and the visible church is scarcely to be seen: the wheat is lost in chaff, and the gold in dross, till the sifting, refining, separating day comes. The Lord knows them that are his, though we do not; he sees in secret. When we come to heaven we shall miss many whom we thought to have met there; we shall meet many whom we little thought to have met there. God's love often proves larger than man's charity, and far more extended.

Cross References

1 Kings 19
v10Romans 11:2-4allusion

Paul directly quotes Elijah's complaint regarding his solitude and God's answer concerning the seven thousand.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole

v18Romans 11:4quotation

New Testament quotation confirming God's preservation of a faithful remnant who have not bowed to Baal.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v3James 5:17thematic

Identifies Elijah as a man of 'like passions,' directly contextualizing his sudden fear and flight.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

Illustrates how God leaves eminent instruments to their own weakness to prevent them from being exalted.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v8Exodus 34:28thematic

Parallels Moses' forty-day fast on the same mountain (Horeb/Sinai), drawing a direct typological link.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

v9Exodus 33:21thematic

The 'cave' is traditionally identified with the cleft of the rock where Moses stood before God.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v4Jonah 4:3thematic

Parallels Jonah's petulant request to die under a shadow in the wilderness.

Supported by JFB

v152 Kings 8:7-13fulfillment

Records the direct historical execution and impact of Elijah's commission to anoint Hazael.

Supported by JFB

v162 Kings 9:1-3fulfillment

Fulfills the command to anoint Jehu king over Israel, completed through Elijah's successor.

Supported by JFB

v18Hosea 13:2thematic

Explains the physical practice of kissing idols as a gesture of worship to Baal.

Supported by JFB

v20Luke 9:61-62contrast

Jesus contrasts Elisha's permitted farewell with the absolute immediacy required of His disciples.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v11Exodus 19:18thematic

Recalls the terrifying wind, earthquake, and fire that accompanied God's lawgiving on Horeb.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v212 Samuel 24:22thematic

Parallels using wooden agricultural instruments as immediate fuel for a sacred sacrificial offering.

Supported by JFB

v12Job 4:16allusion

Provides the poetic background for 'a still small voice' (literally a still whisper/silence).

Supported by Matthew Poole