2 Samuel23
New International Version
1These are the last words of David: “The inspired utterance of David son of Jesse, the utterance of the man exalted by the Most High, the man anointed by the God of Jacob, the hero of Israel’s songs:
2“The Spirit of the Lord spoke through me; his word was on my tongue.
3The God of Israel spoke, the Rock of Israel said to me: ‘When one rules over people in righteousness, when he rules in the fear of God,
4he is like the light of morning at sunrise on a cloudless morning, like the brightness after rain that brings grass from the earth.’
5“If my house were not right with God, surely he would not have made with me an everlasting covenant, arranged and secured in every part; surely he would not bring to fruition my salvation and grant me my every desire.
6But evil men are all to be cast aside like thorns, which are not gathered with the hand.
7Whoever touches thorns uses a tool of iron or the shaft of a spear; they are burned up where they lie.”
8These are the names of David’s mighty warriors: Josheb-Basshebeth, a Tahkemonite, was chief of the Three; he raised his spear against eight hundred men, whom he killed in one encounter.
9Next to him was Eleazar son of Dodai the Ahohite. As one of the three mighty warriors, he was with David when they taunted the Philistines gathered at Pas Dammim for battle. Then the Israelites retreated,
10but Eleazar stood his ground and struck down the Philistines till his hand grew tired and froze to the sword. The Lord brought about a great victory that day. The troops returned to Eleazar, but only to strip the dead.
11Next to him was Shammah son of Agee the Hararite. When the Philistines banded together at a place where there was a field full of lentils, Israel’s troops fled from them.
12But Shammah took his stand in the middle of the field. He defended it and struck the Philistines down, and the Lord brought about a great victory.
13During harvest time, three of the thirty chief warriors came down to David at the cave of Adullam, while a band of Philistines was encamped in the Valley of Rephaim.
14At that time David was in the stronghold, and the Philistine garrison was at Bethlehem.
15David longed for water and said, “Oh, that someone would get me a drink of water from the well near the gate of Bethlehem!”
16So the three mighty warriors broke through the Philistine lines, drew water from the well near the gate of Bethlehem and carried it back to David. But he refused to drink it; instead, he poured it out before the Lord.
17“Far be it from me, Lord, to do this!” he said. “Is it not the blood of men who went at the risk of their lives?” And David would not drink it. Such were the exploits of the three mighty warriors.
18Abishai the brother of Joab son of Zeruiah was chief of the Three. He raised his spear against three hundred men, whom he killed, and so he became as famous as the Three.
19Was he not held in greater honor than the Three? He became their commander, even though he was not included among them.
20Benaiah son of Jehoiada, a valiant fighter from Kabzeel, performed great exploits. He struck down Moab’s two mightiest warriors. He also went down into a pit on a snowy day and killed a lion.
21And he struck down a huge Egyptian. Although the Egyptian had a spear in his hand, Benaiah went against him with a club. He snatched the spear from the Egyptian’s hand and killed him with his own spear.
22Such were the exploits of Benaiah son of Jehoiada; he too was as famous as the three mighty warriors.
23He was held in greater honor than any of the Thirty, but he was not included among the Three. And David put him in charge of his bodyguard.
24Among the Thirty were: Asahel the brother of Joab, Elhanan son of Dodo from Bethlehem,
25Shammah the Harodite, Elika the Harodite,
26Helez the Paltite, Ira son of Ikkesh from Tekoa,
27Abiezer from Anathoth, Sibbekai the Hushathite,
28Zalmon the Ahohite, Maharai the Netophathite,
29Heled son of Baanah the Netophathite, Ithai son of Ribai from Gibeah in Benjamin,
30Benaiah the Pirathonite, Hiddai from the ravines of Gaash,
31Abi-Albon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the Barhumite,
32Eliahba the Shaalbonite, the sons of Jashen, Jonathan
33son of Shammah the Hararite, Ahiam son of Sharar the Hararite,
34Eliphelet son of Ahasbai the Maakathite, Eliam son of Ahithophel the Gilonite,
35Hezro the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite,
36Igal son of Nathan from Zobah, the son of Hagri,
37Zelek the Ammonite, Naharai the Beerothite, the armor-bearer of Joab son of Zeruiah,
38Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the Ithrite
39and Uriah the Hittite. There were thirty-seven in all.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 2 Samuel 23.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: David's last words. (1–7). David's mighty men. (8–39).
vv1-7
These words of David are very worthy of regard. Let those who have had long experience of God's goodness, and the pleasantness of heavenly wisdom, when they come to finish their course, bear their testimony to the truth of the promise. David avows his Divine inspiration, that the Spirit of God spake by him. He, and other holy men, spake and wrote as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. In many things he had his own neglect and wrong conduct to blame. But David comforted himself that the Lord had made with him an everlasting covenant. By this he principally intended the covenant of mercy and peace, which the Lord made with him as a sinner, who believed in the promised Saviour, who embraced the promised blessing, who yielded up himself to the Lord, to be his redeemed servant. Believers shall for ever enjoy covenant blessings; and God the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, shall be for ever glorified in their salvation. Thus pardon, righteousness, grace, and eternal life, are secured as the gift of God through Jesus Christ. There is an infinite fulness of grace and all blessings treasured up in Christ, for those who seek his salvation. This covenant was all David's salvation, he so well knew the holy law of God and the extent of his own sinfulness, that he perceived what was needful for his own case in this salvation. It was therefore all his desire. In comparison, all earthly objects lost their attractions; he was willing to give them up, or to die and leave them, that he might enjoy full happiness, Ps 73:24–28. Still the power of evil, and the weakness of his faith, hope, and love, were his grief and burden. Doubtless he would have allowed that his own slackness and want of care were the cause; but the hope that he should soon be made perfect in glory, encouraged him in his dying moments.
vv8-39
David once earnestly longed for the water at the well of Bethlehem. It seems to be an instance of weakness. He was thirsty; with the water of that well he had often refreshed himself when a youth, and it was without due thought that he desired it. Were his valiant men so forward to expose themselves, upon the least hint of their prince's mind, and so eager to please him, and shall not we long to approve ourselves to our Lord Jesus, by ready compliance with his will, as shown us by his word, Spirit, and providence? But David poured out the water as a drink-offering to the Lord. Thus he would cross his own foolish fancy, and punish himself for indulging it, and show that he had sober thoughts to correct his rash ones, and knew how to deny himself. Did David look upon that water as very precious which was got at the hazard of these men's blood, and shall not we much more value those benefits for purchasing which our blessed Saviour shed his blood? Let all beware of neglecting so great salvation.
Key Words
אֵלֶּה: these or those
אַחֲרוֹן: hinder; generally, late or last; specifically (as facing the east) western
דָּבָר: a word; by implication, a matter (as spoken of) or thing; adverbially, a cause
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
נְאֻם: an oracle
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשַׁי: Jishai, David's father
גֶּבֶר: properly, a valiant man or warrior; generally, a person simply
קוּם: to rise (in various applications, literal, figurative, intensive and causative)
עַל: properly, the top; specifically, the highest (i.e. God); also (adverb) aloft, to Jehovah
Cross References
2 Samuel 23Parallel account of the three mighty men bringing David water from the well of Bethlehem.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Verifies David's claim of divine inspiration; holy men of God spoke as moved by the Holy Ghost.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The foundational Davidic covenant promise of an everlasting kingdom and house that is "ordered" and "sure."
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Records David's initial anointing by Samuel, marking him as the "anointed of the God of Jacob."
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Messianic portrait of a righteous ruler coming down like rain upon the mown grass.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Refers to the "everlasting covenant" as the "sure mercies of David."
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Parallel listing of Jashobeam/Adino, correcting "eight hundred" to "three hundred" in some texts.
Supported by JFB
Establishes the historical setting of the cave of Adullam, where David fled.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The promised righteous Branch who will reign wisely and execute justice on the earth.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallels the description of the sons of Belial as thorns that cannot be easily touched.
Supported by JFB
Benaiah's identity and service over David's royal guard (the Cherethites and Pelethites).
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallels Benaiah's act of slaying the Egyptian with his own spear, mirroring David slaying Goliath.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Uriah the Hittite ends the list, emphasizing David's tragic betrayal of a loyal hero.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The path of the just compared to the shining morning light growing brighter.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Echoes David's deathbed sentiment that God is his sole desire and salvation.
Supported by Matthew Henry