1 Kings12
World English Bible · Public Domain
1Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all Israel had come to Shechem to make him king.
2When Jeroboam the son of Nebat heard of it (for he was yet in Egypt, where he had fled from the presence of King Solomon, and Jeroboam lived in Egypt;
3and they sent and called him), Jeroboam and all the assembly of Israel came, and spoke to Rehoboam, saying,
4“Your father made our yoke difficult. Now therefore make the hard service of your father, and his heavy yoke which he put on us, lighter, and we will serve you.”
5He said to them, “Depart for three days, then come back to me.” So the people departed.
6King Rehoboam took counsel with the old men who had stood before Solomon his father while he yet lived, saying, “What counsel do you give me to answer these people?”
7They replied, “If you will be a servant to this people today, and will serve them, and answer them with good words, then they will be your servants forever.”
8But he abandoned the counsel of the old men which they had given him, and took counsel with the young men who had grown up with him, who stood before him.
9He said to them, “What counsel do you give, that we may answer these people who have spoken to me, saying, ‘Make the yoke that your father put on us lighter’?”
10The young men who had grown up with him said to him, “Tell these people who spoke to you, saying, ‘Your father made our yoke heavy, but make it lighter to us’—tell them, ‘My little finger is thicker than my father’s waist.
11Now my father burdened you with a heavy yoke, but I will add to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.’”
12So Jeroboam and all the people came to Rehoboam the third day, as the king asked, saying, “Come to me again the third day.”
13The king answered the people roughly, and abandoned the counsel of the old men which they had given him,
14and spoke to them according to the counsel of the young men, saying, “My father made your yoke heavy, but I will add to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.”
15So the king didn’t listen to the people; for it was a thing brought about from Yahweh, that he might establish his word, which Yahweh spoke by Ahijah the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat.
16When all Israel saw that the king didn’t listen to them, the people answered the king, saying, “What portion have we in David? We don’t have an inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, Israel! Now see to your own house, David.” So Israel departed to their tents.
17But as for the children of Israel who lived in the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them.
18Then King Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was over the men subject to forced labor; and all Israel stoned him to death with stones. King Rehoboam hurried to get himself up to his chariot, to flee to Jerusalem.
19So Israel rebelled against David’s house to this day.
20When all Israel heard that Jeroboam had returned, they sent and called him to the congregation, and made him king over all Israel. There was no one who followed David’s house, except for the tribe of Judah only.
21When Rehoboam had come to Jerusalem, he assembled all the house of Judah and the tribe of Benjamin, a hundred and eighty thousand chosen men who were warriors, to fight against the house of Israel, to bring the kingdom again to Rehoboam the son of Solomon.
22But the word of God came to Shemaiah the man of God, saying,
23“Speak to Rehoboam the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all the house of Judah and Benjamin, and to the rest of the people, saying,
24‘Yahweh says, “You shall not go up or fight against your brothers, the children of Israel. Everyone return to his house; for this thing is from me.”’” So they listened to Yahweh’s word, and returned and went their way, according to Yahweh’s word.
25Then Jeroboam built Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and lived in it; and he went out from there and built Penuel.
26Jeroboam said in his heart, “Now the kingdom will return to David’s house.
27If this people goes up to offer sacrifices in Yahweh’s house at Jerusalem, then the heart of this people will turn again to their lord, even to Rehoboam king of Judah; and they will kill me, and return to Rehoboam king of Judah.”
28So the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold; and he said to them, “It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem. Look and behold your gods, Israel, which brought you up out of the land of Egypt!”
29He set the one in Bethel, and the other he put in Dan.
30This thing became a sin, for the people went even as far as Dan to worship before the one there.
31He made houses of high places, and made priests from among all the people, who were not of the sons of Levi.
32Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like the feast that is in Judah, and he went up to the altar. He did so in Bethel, sacrificing to the calves that he had made, and he placed in Bethel the priests of the high places that he had made.
33He went up to the altar which he had made in Bethel on the fifteenth day in the eighth month, even in the month which he had devised of his own heart; and he ordained a feast for the children of Israel, and went up to the altar to burn incense.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Kings 12.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Rehoboam's accession, The people's petition, His rough answer. (1–15). Ten tribes revolt. (16–24). Jeroboam's idolatry. (25–33).
vv1-15
The tribes complained not to Rehoboam of his father's idolatry, and revolt from God. That which was the greatest grievance, was none to them; so careless were they in matters of religion, if they might live at ease, and pay no taxes. Factious spirits will never want something to complain of. And when we see the Scripture account of Solomon's reign; the peace, wealth, and prosperity Israel then enjoyed; we cannot doubt but that their charges were false, or far beyond the truth. Rehoboam answered the people according to the counsel of the young men. Never was man more blinded by pride, and desire of arbitrary power, than which nothing is more fatal. God's counsels were hereby fulfilled. He left Rehoboam to his own folly, and hid from his eyes the things which belonged to his peace, that the kingdom might be rent from him. God serves his own wise and righteous purposes by the imprudences and sins of men. Those that lose the kingdom of heaven, throw it away, as Rehoboam, by wilfulness and folly.
vv16-24
The people speak unbecomingly of David. How soon are good men, and their good services to the public, forgotten! These considerations should reconcile us to our losses and troubles, that God is the Author of them, and our brethren the instruments: let us not meditate revenge. Rehoboam and his people hearkened to the word of the Lord. When we know God's mind, we must submit, how much soever it crosses our own mind. If we secure the favour of God, not all the universe can hurt us.
vv25-33
Jeroboam distrusted the providence of God; he would contrive ways and means, and sinful ones too, for his own safety. A practical disbelief of God's all-sufficiency is at the bottom of all our departures from him. Though it is probable he meant his worship for Jehovah the God of Israel, it was contrary to the Divine law, and dishonourable to the Divine majesty to be thus represented. The people might be less shocked at worshipping the God of Israel under an image, than if they had at once been asked to worship Baal; but it made way for that idolatry. Blessed Lord, give us grace to reverence thy temple, thine ordinances, thine house of prayer, thy sabbaths, and never more, like Jeroboam, to set up in our hearts any idol of abomination. Be thou to us every thing precious; do thou reign and rule in our hearts, the hope of glory.
Key Words
רְחַבְעָם: Rechabam, an Israelite king
יָלַךְ: to walk (literally or figuratively); causatively, to carry (in various senses)
שְׁכֶם: Shekem, a place in Palestine
כִּי: (by implication) very widely used as a relative conjunction or adverb (as below); often largely modified by other particles annexed
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
בּוֹא: to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
מָלַךְ: to reign; inceptively, to ascend the throne; causatively, to induct into royalty; hence (by implication) to take counsel
יָרׇבְעָם: Jarobam, the name of two Israelite kings
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
Cross References
1 Kings 12Explicit fulfillment of Ahijah's prophecy predicting the tearing of the ten tribes from Solomon's son.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Jeroboam uses the identical formula Aaron used for the golden calf: 'behold thy gods, O Israel...'
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The exact parallel historical account of Rehoboam's assembly at Shechem and the subsequent revolt.
Supported by JFB
Echoes Sheba's earlier rebellion cry word-for-word: 'What portion have we in David... to your tents, O Israel.'
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Establishes why Jeroboam was in Egypt, having fled from King Solomon previously.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Adoram (Adoniram) was over the tribute, representing the very system of heavy taxation the people hated.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The parallel account of Rehoboam assembling Judah and Benjamin to fight Israel.
Supported by JFB
Explains that Levites left their suburbs and came to Judah because Jeroboam cast them off.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Shechem's historical significance as a volatile, central gathering place in Ephraim for making kings.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Fulfillment of Samuel's warning that a king would make their yoke heavy with grievous service.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explains Jeroboam's continued sin of consecrating priests from the lowest of the people.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
The old men's advice of 'good words' illustrates 'a soft answer turneth away wrath' versus rough words.
Supported by Matthew Poole
God's sovereign decree to rend the kingdom from Solomon's son due to his idolatry.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Identifies Penuel, which Jeroboam built/fortified, as an ancient tower and stronghold.
Supported by JFB
Jeroboam's feast 'devised of his own heart' directly violates God's warning not to seek after own hearts.
Supported by Matthew Henry