1 Samuel30
New King James Version
1Now it happened, when David and his men came to Ziklag, on the third day, that the Amalekites had invaded the South and Ziklag, attacked Ziklag and burned it with fire,
2and had taken captive the women and those who were there, from small to great; they did not kill anyone, but carried them away and went their way.
3So David and his men came to the city, and there it was, burned with fire; and their wives, their sons, and their daughters had been taken captive.
4Then David and the people who were with him lifted up their voices and wept, until they had no more power to weep.
5And David’s two wives, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the widow of Nabal the Carmelite, had been taken captive.
6Now David was greatly distressed, for the people spoke of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and his daughters. But David strengthened himself in the Lord his God.
7Then David said to Abiathar the priest, Ahimelech’s son, “Please bring the ephod here to me.” And Abiathar brought the ephod to David.
8So David inquired of the Lord, saying, “Shall I pursue this troop? Shall I overtake them?” And He answered him, “Pursue, for you shall surely overtake them and without fail recover all.”
9So David went, he and the six hundred men who were with him, and came to the Brook Besor, where those stayed who were left behind.
10But David pursued, he and four hundred men; for two hundred stayed behind, who were so weary that they could not cross the Brook Besor.
11Then they found an Egyptian in the field, and brought him to David; and they gave him bread and he ate, and they let him drink water.
12And they gave him a piece of a cake of figs and two clusters of raisins. So when he had eaten, his strength came back to him; for he had eaten no bread nor drunk water for three days and three nights.
13Then David said to him, “To whom do you belong, and where are you from?” And he said, “I am a young man from Egypt, servant of an Amalekite; and my master left me behind, because three days ago I fell sick.
14We made an invasion of the southern area of the Cherethites, in the territory which belongs to Judah, and of the southern area of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire.”
15And David said to him, “Can you take me down to this troop?” So he said, “Swear to me by God that you will neither kill me nor deliver me into the hands of my master, and I will take you down to this troop.”
16And when he had brought him down, there they were, spread out over all the land, eating and drinking and dancing, because of all the great spoil which they had taken from the land of the Philistines and from the land of Judah.
17Then David attacked them from twilight until the evening of the next day. Not a man of them escaped, except four hundred young men who rode on camels and fled.
18So David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away, and David rescued his two wives.
19And nothing of theirs was lacking, either small or great, sons or daughters, spoil or anything which they had taken from them; David recovered all.
20Then David took all the flocks and herds they had driven before those other livestock, and said, “This is David’s spoil.”
21Now David came to the two hundred men who had been so weary that they could not follow David, whom they also had made to stay at the Brook Besor. So they went out to meet David and to meet the people who were with him. And when David came near the people, he greeted them.
22Then all the wicked and worthless men of those who went with David answered and said, “Because they did not go with us, we will not give them any of the spoil that we have recovered, except for every man’s wife and children, that they may lead them away and depart.”
23But David said, “My brethren, you shall not do so with what the Lord has given us, who has preserved us and delivered into our hand the troop that came against us.
24For who will heed you in this matter? But as his part is who goes down to the battle, so shall his part be who stays by the supplies; they shall share alike.”
25So it was, from that day forward; he made it a statute and an ordinance for Israel to this day.
26Now when David came to Ziklag, he sent some of the spoil to the elders of Judah, to his friends, saying, “Here is a present for you from the spoil of the enemies of the Lord”—
27to those who were in Bethel, those who were in Ramoth of the South, those who were in Jattir,
28those who were in Aroer, those who were in Siphmoth, those who were in Eshtemoa,
29those who were in Rachal, those who were in the cities of the Jerahmeelites, those who were in the cities of the Kenites,
30those who were in Hormah, those who were in Chorashan, those who were in Athach,
31those who were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men were accustomed to rove.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for 1 Samuel 30.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Ziklag spoiled by the Amalekites. (1–6). David overtakes the Amalekites. (7–15). He recovers what had been lost. (16–20). David's distribution of the spoil. (21–31).
vv1-6
When we go abroad in the way of our duty, we may comfortably hope that God will take care of our families in our absence, but not otherwise. If, when we come off a journey, we find our abode in peace, and not laid waste, as David here found his, let the Lord be praised for it. David's men murmured against him. Great faith must expect such severe trials. But, observe, that David was brought thus low, only just before he was raised to the throne. When things are at the worst with the church and people of God, then they begin to mend. David encouraged himself in the Lord his God. His men fretted at their loss, the soul of the people was bitter; their own discontent and impatience added to the affliction and misery. But David bore it better, though he had more reason than any of them to lament it. They gave liberty to their passions, but he set his graces to work; and while they dispirited each other, he, by encouraging himself in God, kept his spirit calm. Those who have taken the Lord for their God, may take encouragement from him in the worst times.
vv7-15
If in all our ways, even when, as in this case, there can be no doubt they are just, we acknowledge God, we may expect that he will direct our steps, as he did those of David. David, in tenderness to his men, would by no means urge them beyond their strength. The Son of David thus considers the frames of his followers, who are not all alike strong and vigorous in their spiritual pursuits and conflicts; but, where we are weak, there he is kind; nay more, there he is strong, 2Co 12:9, 10. A poor Egyptian lad, scarcely alive, is made the means of a great deal of good to David. Justly did Providence make this poor servant, who was basely used by his master, an instrument in the destruction of the Amalekites; for God hears the cry of the oppressed. Those are unworthy the name of true Israelites, who shut up their compassion from persons in distress. We should neither do an injury nor deny a kindness to any man; some time or other it may be in the power of the lowest to return a kindness or an injury.
vv16-20
Sinners are nearest to ruin, when they cry, Peace and safety, and put the evil day far from them. Nor does any thing give our spiritual enemies more advantage than sensuality and indulgence. Eating and drinking, and dancing, have been the soft and pleasant way in which many have gone down to the congregation of the dead. The spoil was recovered, and brought off; nothing was lost, but a great deal gained.
Key Words
דָּוִד: David, the youngest son of Jesse
אֱנוֹשׁ: a man in general (singly or collectively)
בּוֹא: to go or come (in a wide variety of applications)
צִקְלַג: Tsiklag or Tsikelag, a place in Palestine
שְׁלִישִׁי: third; feminine athird (part); by extension, a third (day, year or time); specifically, a third-story cell)
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
עֲמָלֵקִי: an Amalekite (or collectively the Amalekites) or descendants of Amalek
פָּשַׁט: to spread out (i.e. deploy in hostile array); by analogy, to strip (i.e. unclothe, plunder, flay, etc.)
נֶגֶב: the south (from its drought); specifically, the Negeb or southern district of Judah, occasionally, Egypt (as south to Palestine)
נָכָה: to strike (lightly or severely, literally or figuratively)
Cross References
1 Samuel 30David establishes an ordinance dividing spoils between those who fight and those who tarry, following Moses' law.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
The Amalekites spared the women, contrasting with David's previous total destruction of their people.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
David calls for Abiathar and the ephod, repeating his pattern of seeking divine guidance in distress.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The Mosaic prescription for inquiring of God by the Urim before the priest.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Identifies the Cherethites explicitly as Philistine dwellers of the southern seacoast.
Supported by JFB
Typological parallel to Abraham pursuing captors and recovering all the persons and goods.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The immediate outcome of David's victory and generosity was a large accession of men.
Supported by JFB
The Amalekite invasion was direct retaliation for David's previous raids on their territory.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The phrase 'his spirit came again' matches Samson's physical revival after drinking.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Verbal echo of 'men of Belial' used previously by Abigail for foolish, worthless men.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Hebron, where David and his men haunted, is Caleb's ancient inheritance.
Supported by JFB
The Egyptian servant's request reflects the Mosaic law prohibiting the return of escaped servants.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Amalek's secure revelry and drunkenness before destruction echoes Nabal's carnal security.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Joshua's prior instruction to divide the spoil of enemies with brethren who stayed behind.
Supported by JFB
The term 'present' (Hebrew 'blessing') is used for a gift sent to friends.
Supported by Matthew Poole