Numbers 21WEB
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Numbers21

World English Bible · Public Domain

1The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard that Israel came by the way of Atharim. He fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.

2Israel vowed a vow to Yahweh, and said, “If you will indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.”

3Yahweh listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. The name of the place was called Hormah.

4They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom. The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey.

5The people spoke against God and against Moses: “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, there is no water, and our soul loathes this disgusting food!”

6Yahweh sent venomous snakes among the people, and they bit the people. Many people of Israel died.

7The people came to Moses, and said, “We have sinned, because we have spoken against Yahweh and against you. Pray to Yahweh, that he take away the serpents from us.” Moses prayed for the people.

8Yahweh said to Moses, “Make a venomous snake, and set it on a pole. It shall happen that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.”

9Moses made a serpent of bronze, and set it on the pole. If a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked at the serpent of bronze, he lived.

10The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in Oboth.

11They traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise.

12From there they traveled, and encamped in the valley of Zered.

13From there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness that comes out of the border of the Amorites; for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14Therefore it is said in The Book of the Wars of Yahweh, “Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,

15the slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab.”

16From there they traveled to Beer; that is the well of which Yahweh said to Moses, “Gather the people together, and I will give them water.”

17Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, well! Sing to it,

18the well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles.” From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;

19and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;

20and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert.

21Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

22“Let me pass through your land. We will not turn away into field or vineyard. We will not drink of the water of the wells. We will go by the king’s highway, until we have passed your border.”

23Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border, but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz. He fought against Israel.

24Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was fortified.

25Israel took all these cities. Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages.

26For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon.

27Therefore those who speak in proverbs say, “Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established;

28for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.

29Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites.

30We have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba.”

31Thus Israel lived in the land of the Amorites.

32Moses sent to spy out Jazer. They took its villages, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

33They turned and went up by the way of Bashan. Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.

34Yahweh said to Moses, “Don’t fear him, for I have delivered him into your hand, with all his people, and his land. You shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon.”

35So they struck him, with his sons and all his people, until there were no survivors; and they possessed his land.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Numbers 21.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: The Canaanites of Arad destroyed. (1–3). The people murmuring, are plagued with fiery serpents, They repenting, are healed through the brazen serpent. (4–9). Further journeys of the Israelites. (10–20). Sihon and Og overcome, Their land possessed. (21–35).

vv1-3

Before the people began their march round the country of Edom, the king of Arad, a Canaanite, who inhabited the southern part of the country, attacked them in the wilderness, and took some prisoners. This was to lead the Israelites to look more thoroughly to the Lord.

vv4-9

The children of Israel were wearied by a long march round the land of Edom. They speak discontentedly of what God had done for them, and distrustfully of what he would do. What will they be pleased with, whom manna will not please? Let not the contempt which some cast on the word of God, make us value it less. It is the bread of life, substantial bread, and will nourish those who by faith feed upon it, to eternal life, whoever may call it light bread. We see the righteous judgment God brought upon them for murmuring. He sent fiery serpents among them, which bit or stung many to death. It is to be feared that they would not have owned the sin, if they had not felt the smart; but they relent under the rod. And God made a wonderful provision for their relief. The Jews themselves say it was not the sight of the brazen serpent that cured; but in looking up to it, they looked up to God as the Lord that healed them. There was much gospel in this. Our Saviour declared, Joh 3:14, 15, that as Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, so the Son of man must be lifted up, that whatsoever believeth in him, should not perish. Compare their disease and ours. Sin bites like a serpent, and stings like an adder. Compare the application of their remedy and ours. They looked and lived, and we, if we believe, shall not perish. It is by faith that we look unto Jesus, Heb 12:2. Whosoever looked, however desperate his case, or feeble his sight, or distant his place, was certainly and perfectly cured. The Lord can relieve us from dangers and distresses, by means which human reason never would have devised. Oh that the venom of the old serpent, inflaming men's passions, and causing them to commit sins which end in their eternal destruction, were as sensibly felt, and the danger as plainly seen, as the Israelites felt pain from the bite of the fiery serpents, and feared the death which followed! Then none would shut their eyes to Christ, or turn from his gospel. Then a crucified Saviour would be so valued, that all things else would be accounted loss for him; then, without delay, and with earnestness and simplicity, all would apply to him in the appointed way, crying, Lord, save us; we perish! Nor would any abuse the freeness of Christ's salvation, while they reckoned the price which it cost him.

vv10-20

We have here the removes of the children of Israel, till they came to the plains of Moab, from whence they passed over Jordan into Canaan. The end of their pilgrimage was near. “They set forward.” It were well if we did thus; and the nearer we come to heaven, were so much the more active and abundant in the work of the Lord. The wonderful success God granted to his people, is here spoken of, and, among the rest, their actions on the river Arnon, at Vaheb in Suphah, and other places on that river. In every stage of our lives, nay, in every step, we should notice what God has wrought for us; what he did at such a time, and what in such a place, ought to be distinctly remembered. God blessed his people with a supply of water. When we come to heaven, we shall remove to the well of life, the fountain of living waters. They received it with joy and thankfulness, which made the mercy doubly sweet. With joy must we draw water out of the wells of salvation, Isa 12:3. As the brazen serpent was a figure of Christ, who is lifted up for our cure, so is this well a figure of the Spirit, who is poured forth for our comfort, and from whom flow to us rivers of living waters, Joh 7:38, 39. Does this well spring up in our souls? If so, we should take the comfort to ourselves, and give the glory to God. God promised to give water, but they must open the ground. God's favours must be expected in the use of such means as are within our power, but still the power is only of God.

Cross References

Numbers 21
v9John 3:14typology

Jesus directly compares Himself being lifted up to Moses lifting up the serpent in the wilderness.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

Paul warns against tempting Christ as Israel did, resulting in their destruction by fiery serpents.

Supported by JFB

Moses recalls God leading Israel through the great wilderness infested with fiery serpents and scorpions.

Supported by JFB

v92 Kings 18:4thematic

Hezekiah destroys this very bronze serpent because the Israelites had turned it into an idol.

Supported by JFB

v16John 7:37-39typology

The promised well of water typifies the Holy Spirit, poured forth to satisfy and comfort believers.

Supported by Matthew Henry

Recounts Sihon refusing passage, hardening his heart, and marching out to fight at Jahaz.

Supported by Matthew Poole

Parallel account of the battle against Og, king of Bashan, at Edrei and his defeat.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v3Numbers 14:45contrast

Contrast with their earlier defeat at Hormah when they presumptuously fought without God.

v21Judges 11:19-21thematic

Jephthah historical defense citing Moses' peaceful messengers and Sihon's hostile refusal.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v24Psalms 135:10-12thematic

Poetic celebration of God smiting great kings, specifically mentioning Sihon and Og.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v28Jeremiah 48:45allusion

Jeremiah directly quotes this ancient proverb of Heshbon, Sihon, and Moab's destruction.

v1Numbers 33:40thematic

Confirms the geographical identity of King Arad the Canaanite in the south.

Supported by Matthew Poole

v12Deuteronomy 2:14thematic

Details the transition at the valley of Zered, marking thirty-eight years of wandering.

Supported by JFB

v29Judges 11:24thematic

Jephthah refers to Chemosh, the national god of Moab, matching the proverb quoted here.