Numbers31
World English Bible · Public Domain
1Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
2“Avenge the children of Israel on the Midianites. Afterward you shall be gathered to your people.”
3Moses spoke to the people, saying, “Arm men from among you for war, that they may go against Midian, to execute Yahweh’s vengeance on Midian.
4You shall send one thousand out of every tribe, throughout all the tribes of Israel, to the war.”
5So there were delivered, out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand from every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.
6Moses sent them, one thousand of every tribe, to the war with Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the vessels of the sanctuary and the trumpets for the alarm in his hand.
7They fought against Midian, as Yahweh commanded Moses. They killed every male.
8They killed the kings of Midian with the rest of their slain: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of Beor with the sword.
9The children of Israel took the women of Midian captive with their little ones; and all their livestock, all their flocks, and all their goods, they took as plunder.
10All their cities in the places in which they lived, and all their encampments, they burned with fire.
11They took all the captives, and all the plunder, both of man and of animal.
12They brought the captives with the prey and the plunder, to Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of the children of Israel, to the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by the Jordan at Jericho.
13Moses and Eleazar the priest, with all the princes of the congregation, went out to meet them outside of the camp.
14Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war.
15Moses said to them, “Have you saved all the women alive?
16Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against Yahweh in the matter of Peor, and so the plague was among the congregation of Yahweh.
17Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known man by lying with him.
18But all the girls, who have not known man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.
19“Encamp outside of the camp for seven days. Whoever has killed any person, and whoever has touched any slain, purify yourselves on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives.
20You shall purify every garment, and all that is made of skin, and all work of goats’ hair, and all things made of wood.”
21Eleazar the priest said to the men of war who went to the battle, “This is the statute of the law which Yahweh has commanded Moses.
22However the gold, and the silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead,
23everything that may withstand the fire, you shall make to go through the fire, and it shall be clean; nevertheless it shall be purified with the water for impurity. All that doesn’t withstand the fire you shall make to go through the water.
24You shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and you shall be clean. Afterward you shall come into the camp.”
25Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
26“Count the plunder that was taken, both of man and of animal, you, and Eleazar the priest, and the heads of the fathers’ households of the congregation;
27and divide the plunder into two parts: between the men skilled in war, who went out to battle, and all the congregation.
28Levy a tribute to Yahweh of the men of war who went out to battle: one soul of five hundred; of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks.
29Take it from their half, and give it to Eleazar the priest, for Yahweh’s wave offering.
30Of the children of Israel’s half, you shall take one drawn out of every fifty, of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the flocks, of all the livestock, and give them to the Levites, who perform the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle.”
31Moses and Eleazar the priest did as Yahweh commanded Moses.
32Now the plunder, over and above the booty which the men of war took, was six hundred seventy-five thousand sheep,
33seventy-two thousand head of cattle,
34sixty-one thousand donkeys,
35and thirty-two thousand persons in all, of the women who had not known man by lying with him.
36The half, which was the portion of those who went out to war, was in number three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep;
37and Yahweh’s tribute of the sheep was six hundred seventy-five.
38The cattle were thirty-six thousand, of which Yahweh’s tribute was seventy-two.
39The donkeys were thirty thousand five hundred, of which Yahweh’s tribute was sixty-one.
40The persons were sixteen thousand, of whom Yahweh’s tribute was thirty-two persons.
41Moses gave the tribute, which was Yahweh’s wave offering, to Eleazar the priest, as Yahweh commanded Moses.
42Of the children of Israel’s half, which Moses divided off from the men who fought
43(now the congregation’s half was three hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep,
44thirty-six thousand head of cattle,
45thirty thousand five hundred donkeys,
46and sixteen thousand persons),
47even of the children of Israel’s half, Moses took one drawn out of every fifty, both of man and of animal, and gave them to the Levites, who performed the duty of Yahweh’s tabernacle, as Yahweh commanded Moses.
48The officers who were over the thousands of the army, the captains of thousands, and the captains of hundreds, came near to Moses.
49They said to Moses, “Your servants have taken the sum of the men of war who are under our command, and there lacks not one man of us.
50We have brought Yahweh’s offering, what every man found: gold ornaments, armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for our souls before Yahweh.”
51Moses and Eleazar the priest took their gold, even all worked jewels.
52All the gold of the wave offering that they offered up to Yahweh, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred fifty shekels.
53The men of war had taken booty, every man for himself.
54Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the Tent of Meeting for a memorial for the children of Israel before Yahweh.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Numbers 31.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: War with Midian. (1–6). Balaam slain. (7–12). Those slain who caused sin. (13–38). Purification of the Israelites. (39–24). Division of the spoil. (25–47). Offerings. (48–54).
vv1-6
All who, without commission from God, dare to execute private revenge, and who, from ambition, covetousness, or resentment, wage war and desolate kingdoms, must one day answer for it. But if God, instead of sending an earthquake, a pestilence, or a famine, be pleased to authorize and command any people to avenge his cause, such a commission surely is just and right. The Israelites could show such a commission, though no persons now can do so. Their wars were begun and carried on expressly by Divine direction, and they were enabled to conquer by miracles. Unless it can be proved that the wicked Canaanites did not deserve their doom, objectors only prove their dislike to God, and their love to his enemies. Man makes light of the evil of sin, but God abhors it. This explains the terrible executions of the nations which had filled the measure of their sins.
vv7-12
The Israelites slew the Kings of Midian. They slew Balaam. God's overruling providence brought him thither, and their just vengeance found him. Had he himself rightly believed what he had said of the happy state of Israel, he would not have thus herded with the enemies of Israel. The Midianites' wicked wiles were Balaam's projects: it was just that he should perish with them, Ho 4:5. They took the women and children captives. They burnt their cities and castles, and returned to the camp.
vv13-18
The sword of war should spare women and children; but the sword of justice should know no distinction, but that of guilty or not guilty. This war was the execution of a righteous sentence upon a guilty nation, in which the women were the worst criminals. The female children were spared, who, being brought up among the Israelites, would not tempt them to idolatry. The whole history shows the hatefulness of sin, and the guilt of tempting others; it teaches us to avoid all occasions of evil, and to give no quarter to inward lusts. The women and children were not kept for sinful purposes, but for slaves, a custom every where practised in former times, as to captives. In the course of providence, when famine and plagues visit a nation for sin, children suffer in the common calamity. In this case parents are punished in their children; and for children dying before actual sin, full provision is made as to their eternal happiness, by the mercy of God in Christ.
Key Words
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
מִדְיָנִי: a Midjanite or descendant (native) of Midjan
אַחַר: properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)
אָסַף: to gather for any purpose; hence, to receive, take away, i.e. remove (destroy, leave behind, put up, restore, etc.)
עַם: a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock
חָלַץ: to pull off; hence (intensively) to strip, (reflex.) to depart; by implication, to deliver, equip (for fight); present, strengthen
Cross References
Numbers 31Direct command to vex the Midianites for their deceit in the matter of Peor.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
The explicit historical trigger where Midianite women seduced Israel to trespass at Baal-peor.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Ordinance requiring the sounding of trumpets by priests in times of war.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Confirms the death of the five Midianite kings and Balaam by the sword.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Phinehas, who previously executed judgment at Peor, is sent to lead the holy instruments.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
General law of warfare directing the slaying of males while taking spoil.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
New Testament exposure of Balaam's counsel to Balak to cast a stumblingblock.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
David's established statute echoing this division of spoil between combatants and non-combatants.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Shows Midian's survival and subsequent oppression of Israel, illustrating incomplete destruction.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Apostolic commentary on Balaam, who loved the wages of unrighteousness.
Supported by JFB
Prophetic call to remember what Balak consulted and what Balaam answered.
Supported by JFB
Laws of purification for touching a dead body on third and seventh days.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
The prescription for ransom money to make atonement for souls.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Balaam's departure toward his place before his fatal return to Midian.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The standard ordinance allocating tithes and offerings to the Levites.
Supported by Matthew Henry