Numbers 31NASB
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Numbers31

New American Standard

1Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying,

2“Take vengeance on the Midianites for the sons of Israel; afterward you will be gathered to your people.”

3So Moses spoke to the people, saying, “Arm men from among you for the war, so that they may go against Midian to execute the Lord’s vengeance on Midian.

4You shall send a thousand from each tribe of all the tribes of Israel to the war.”

5So there were selected from the thousands of Israel, a thousand from each tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.

6And Moses sent them, a thousand from each tribe, to the war, and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war with them, and the holy implements and the trumpets for the alarm in his hand.

7So they made war against Midian, just as the Lord had commanded Moses, and they killed every male.

8They killed the kings of Midian along with the rest of those killed: Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of Beor with the sword.

9And the sons of Israel took captive the women of Midian and their little ones; and they plundered all their cattle, all their flocks, and all their property.

10Then they burned all their cities where they lived and all their encampments.

11And they took all the plunder and all the spoils, both of people and of livestock.

12They brought the captives and the spoils and the plunder to Moses, to Eleazar the priest, and to the congregation of the sons of Israel, to the camp at the plains of Moab which are by the Jordan, opposite Jericho.

13And Moses, Eleazar the priest, and all the leaders of the congregation went out to meet them outside the camp.

14But Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the commanders of thousands and the commanders of hundreds, who had come from service in the war.

15And Moses said to them, “Have you spared all the women?

16Behold, they caused the sons of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to be unfaithful to the Lord in the matter of Peor, so that the plague took place among the congregation of the Lord!

17Now therefore, kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman who has known a man intimately.

18However, all the girls who have not known a man intimately, keep alive for yourselves.

19And as for you, camp outside the camp for seven days; whoever has killed a person and whoever has touched anyone killed, purify yourselves, you and your captives, on the third day and on the seventh day.

20And you shall purify for yourselves every garment, every article of leather, every work of goats’ hair, and every article of wood.”

21Then Eleazar the priest said to the men of war who had gone to battle, “This is the statute of the Law which the Lord has commanded Moses:

22only the gold and the silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead,

23everything that can withstand the fire, you shall pass through the fire, and it will be clean, only it shall be purified with water for impurity. But whatever cannot withstand the fire you shall pass through the water.

24And you shall wash your clothes on the seventh day and you will be clean; and afterward you may enter the camp.”

25Then the Lord spoke to Moses, saying,

26“You and Eleazar the priest and the heads of the fathers’ households of the congregation take a count of the spoils that were captured, both of people and of livestock;

27and divide the spoils between the warriors who went to battle and all the congregation.

28Also, collect a tribute tax for the Lord from the men of war who went to battle, one in five hundred of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the sheep;

29take it from their half and give it to Eleazar the priest, as an offering to the Lord.

30And from the sons of Israel’s half, you shall take one drawn from every fifty of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys, and of the sheep, from all the animals; and give them to the Levites who perform the duty of the tabernacle of the Lord.”

31Moses and Eleazar the priest did just as the Lord had commanded Moses.

32Now the spoils that remained from the plunder which the men of war had plundered was 675,000 sheep,

33seventy-two thousand cattle,

34sixty-one thousand donkeys,

35and of captive people, of the women who had not known a man intimately, in all were thirty-two thousand people.

36The half, the share of those who went to war, was as follows: the number of sheep was 337,500,

37the Lord’s tribute tax of the sheep was 675;

38the cattle were thirty-six thousand, from which the Lord’s tribute tax was seventy-two;

39the donkeys were 30,500, from which the Lord’s tribute tax was sixty-one;

40and the captive people were sixteen thousand, from whom the Lord’s tribute tax was thirty-two persons.

41And Moses gave the tribute tax, which was the Lord’s offering, to Eleazar the priest, just as the Lord had commanded Moses.

42As for the sons of Israel’s half, which Moses separated from the men who had gone to war—

43now the congregation’s half was 337,500 sheep,

44thirty-six thousand cattle,

4530,500 donkeys,

46and the captive people were sixteen thousand—

47from the sons of Israel’s half Moses took one drawn from every fifty, both of people and of animals, and gave them to the Levites, who performed the duty of the tabernacle of the Lord, just as the Lord had commanded Moses.

48Then the officers who were over the thousands of the army, the commanders of thousands and the commanders of hundreds, approached Moses,

49and they said to Moses, “Your servants have taken a census of the men of war who are under our authority, and no man of us is missing.

50So we have brought as an offering to the Lord what each man found, articles of gold, armlets and bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make atonement for ourselves before the Lord.”

51Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold from them, all kinds of crafted articles.

52All the gold of the offering which they offered up to the Lord, from the commanders of thousands and the commanders of hundreds, was 16,750 shekels.

53The men of war had taken plunder, every man for himself.

54So Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold from the commanders of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it to the tent of meeting as a memorial for the sons of Israel before the Lord.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Numbers 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: War with Midian. (1–6). Balaam slain. (7–12). Those slain who caused sin. (13–38). Purification of the Israelites. (39–24). Division of the spoil. (25–47). Offerings. (48–54).

vv1-6

All who, without commission from God, dare to execute private revenge, and who, from ambition, covetousness, or resentment, wage war and desolate kingdoms, must one day answer for it. But if God, instead of sending an earthquake, a pestilence, or a famine, be pleased to authorize and command any people to avenge his cause, such a commission surely is just and right. The Israelites could show such a commission, though no persons now can do so. Their wars were begun and carried on expressly by Divine direction, and they were enabled to conquer by miracles. Unless it can be proved that the wicked Canaanites did not deserve their doom, objectors only prove their dislike to God, and their love to his enemies. Man makes light of the evil of sin, but God abhors it. This explains the terrible executions of the nations which had filled the measure of their sins.

vv7-12

The Israelites slew the Kings of Midian. They slew Balaam. God's overruling providence brought him thither, and their just vengeance found him. Had he himself rightly believed what he had said of the happy state of Israel, he would not have thus herded with the enemies of Israel. The Midianites' wicked wiles were Balaam's projects: it was just that he should perish with them, Ho 4:5. They took the women and children captives. They burnt their cities and castles, and returned to the camp.

vv13-18

The sword of war should spare women and children; but the sword of justice should know no distinction, but that of guilty or not guilty. This war was the execution of a righteous sentence upon a guilty nation, in which the women were the worst criminals. The female children were spared, who, being brought up among the Israelites, would not tempt them to idolatry. The whole history shows the hatefulness of sin, and the guilt of tempting others; it teaches us to avoid all occasions of evil, and to give no quarter to inward lusts. The women and children were not kept for sinful purposes, but for slaves, a custom every where practised in former times, as to captives. In the course of providence, when famine and plagues visit a nation for sin, children suffer in the common calamity. In this case parents are punished in their children; and for children dying before actual sin, full provision is made as to their eternal happiness, by the mercy of God in Christ.

Cross References

Numbers 31

Direct command to vex the Midianites for their deceit in the matter of Peor.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v16Numbers 25:1-3thematic

The explicit historical trigger where Midianite women seduced Israel to trespass at Baal-peor.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v6Numbers 10:9thematic

Ordinance requiring the sounding of trumpets by priests in times of war.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v8Joshua 13:21-22thematic

Confirms the death of the five Midianite kings and Balaam by the sword.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Numbers 25:7-13thematic

Phinehas, who previously executed judgment at Peor, is sent to lead the holy instruments.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

General law of warfare directing the slaying of males while taking spoil.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v16Revelation 2:14thematic

New Testament exposure of Balaam's counsel to Balak to cast a stumblingblock.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

David's established statute echoing this division of spoil between combatants and non-combatants.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v7Judges 6:1-2contrast

Shows Midian's survival and subsequent oppression of Israel, illustrating incomplete destruction.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v82 Peter 2:15thematic

Apostolic commentary on Balaam, who loved the wages of unrighteousness.

Supported by JFB

v16Micah 6:5thematic

Prophetic call to remember what Balak consulted and what Balaam answered.

Supported by JFB

v19Numbers 19:11-12thematic

Laws of purification for touching a dead body on third and seventh days.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v50Exodus 30:12-16thematic

The prescription for ransom money to make atonement for souls.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v8Numbers 24:25thematic

Balaam's departure toward his place before his fatal return to Midian.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v30Numbers 18:21-24thematic

The standard ordinance allocating tithes and offerings to the Levites.

Supported by Matthew Henry