Numbers 31NIV
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Numbers31

New International Version

1The Lord said to Moses,

2“Take vengeance on the Midianites for the Israelites. After that, you will be gathered to your people.”

3So Moses said to the people, “Arm some of your men to go to war against the Midianites so that they may carry out the Lord’s vengeance on them.

4Send into battle a thousand men from each of the tribes of Israel.”

5So twelve thousand men armed for battle, a thousand from each tribe, were supplied from the clans of Israel.

6Moses sent them into battle, a thousand from each tribe, along with Phinehas son of Eleazar, the priest, who took with him articles from the sanctuary and the trumpets for signaling.

7They fought against Midian, as the Lord commanded Moses, and killed every man.

8Among their victims were Evi, Rekem, Zur, Hur and Reba—the five kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam son of Beor with the sword.

9The Israelites captured the Midianite women and children and took all the Midianite herds, flocks and goods as plunder.

10They burned all the towns where the Midianites had settled, as well as all their camps.

11They took all the plunder and spoils, including the people and animals,

12and brought the captives, spoils and plunder to Moses and Eleazar the priest and the Israelite assembly at their camp on the plains of Moab, by the Jordan across from Jericho.

13Moses, Eleazar the priest and all the leaders of the community went to meet them outside the camp.

14Moses was angry with the officers of the army—the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds—who returned from the battle.

15“Have you allowed all the women to live?” he asked them.

16“They were the ones who followed Balaam’s advice and enticed the Israelites to be unfaithful to the Lord in the Peor incident, so that a plague struck the Lord’s people.

17Now kill all the boys. And kill every woman who has slept with a man,

18but save for yourselves every girl who has never slept with a man.

19“Anyone who has killed someone or touched someone who was killed must stay outside the camp seven days. On the third and seventh days you must purify yourselves and your captives.

20Purify every garment as well as everything made of leather, goat hair or wood.”

21Then Eleazar the priest said to the soldiers who had gone into battle, “This is what is required by the law that the Lord gave Moses:

22Gold, silver, bronze, iron, tin, lead

23and anything else that can withstand fire must be put through the fire, and then it will be clean. But it must also be purified with the water of cleansing. And whatever cannot withstand fire must be put through that water.

24On the seventh day wash your clothes and you will be clean. Then you may come into the camp.”

25The Lord said to Moses,

26“You and Eleazar the priest and the family heads of the community are to count all the people and animals that were captured.

27Divide the spoils equally between the soldiers who took part in the battle and the rest of the community.

28From the soldiers who fought in the battle, set apart as tribute for the Lord one out of every five hundred, whether people, cattle, donkeys or sheep.

29Take this tribute from their half share and give it to Eleazar the priest as the Lord’s part.

30From the Israelites’ half, select one out of every fifty, whether people, cattle, donkeys, sheep or other animals. Give them to the Levites, who are responsible for the care of the Lord’s tabernacle.”

31So Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the Lord commanded Moses.

32The plunder remaining from the spoils that the soldiers took was 675,000 sheep,

3372,000 cattle,

3461,000 donkeys

35and 32,000 women who had never slept with a man.

36The half share of those who fought in the battle was: 337,500 sheep,

37of which the tribute for the Lord was 675;

3836,000 cattle, of which the tribute for the Lord was 72;

3930,500 donkeys, of which the tribute for the Lord was 61;

4016,000 people, of whom the tribute for the Lord was 32.

41Moses gave the tribute to Eleazar the priest as the Lord’s part, as the Lord commanded Moses.

42The half belonging to the Israelites, which Moses set apart from that of the fighting men—

43the community’s half—was 337,500 sheep,

4436,000 cattle,

4530,500 donkeys

46and 16,000 people.

47From the Israelites’ half, Moses selected one out of every fifty people and animals, as the Lord commanded him, and gave them to the Levites, who were responsible for the care of the Lord’s tabernacle.

48Then the officers who were over the units of the army—the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds—went to Moses

49and said to him, “Your servants have counted the soldiers under our command, and not one is missing.

50So we have brought as an offering to the Lord the gold articles each of us acquired—armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings and necklaces—to make atonement for ourselves before the Lord.”

51Moses and Eleazar the priest accepted from them the gold—all the crafted articles.

52All the gold from the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds that Moses and Eleazar presented as a gift to the Lord weighed 16,750 shekels.

53Each soldier had taken plunder for himself.

54Moses and Eleazar the priest accepted the gold from the commanders of thousands and commanders of hundreds and brought it into the tent of meeting as a memorial for the Israelites before the Lord.

Study Guide

Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Numbers 31.

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Chapter Summary

In this chapter: War with Midian. (1–6). Balaam slain. (7–12). Those slain who caused sin. (13–38). Purification of the Israelites. (39–24). Division of the spoil. (25–47). Offerings. (48–54).

vv1-6

All who, without commission from God, dare to execute private revenge, and who, from ambition, covetousness, or resentment, wage war and desolate kingdoms, must one day answer for it. But if God, instead of sending an earthquake, a pestilence, or a famine, be pleased to authorize and command any people to avenge his cause, such a commission surely is just and right. The Israelites could show such a commission, though no persons now can do so. Their wars were begun and carried on expressly by Divine direction, and they were enabled to conquer by miracles. Unless it can be proved that the wicked Canaanites did not deserve their doom, objectors only prove their dislike to God, and their love to his enemies. Man makes light of the evil of sin, but God abhors it. This explains the terrible executions of the nations which had filled the measure of their sins.

vv7-12

The Israelites slew the Kings of Midian. They slew Balaam. God's overruling providence brought him thither, and their just vengeance found him. Had he himself rightly believed what he had said of the happy state of Israel, he would not have thus herded with the enemies of Israel. The Midianites' wicked wiles were Balaam's projects: it was just that he should perish with them, Ho 4:5. They took the women and children captives. They burnt their cities and castles, and returned to the camp.

vv13-18

The sword of war should spare women and children; but the sword of justice should know no distinction, but that of guilty or not guilty. This war was the execution of a righteous sentence upon a guilty nation, in which the women were the worst criminals. The female children were spared, who, being brought up among the Israelites, would not tempt them to idolatry. The whole history shows the hatefulness of sin, and the guilt of tempting others; it teaches us to avoid all occasions of evil, and to give no quarter to inward lusts. The women and children were not kept for sinful purposes, but for slaves, a custom every where practised in former times, as to captives. In the course of providence, when famine and plagues visit a nation for sin, children suffer in the common calamity. In this case parents are punished in their children; and for children dying before actual sin, full provision is made as to their eternal happiness, by the mercy of God in Christ.

Cross References

Numbers 31

Direct command to vex the Midianites for their deceit in the matter of Peor.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB

v16Numbers 25:1-3thematic

The explicit historical trigger where Midianite women seduced Israel to trespass at Baal-peor.

Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB

v6Numbers 10:9thematic

Ordinance requiring the sounding of trumpets by priests in times of war.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v8Joshua 13:21-22thematic

Confirms the death of the five Midianite kings and Balaam by the sword.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v6Numbers 25:7-13thematic

Phinehas, who previously executed judgment at Peor, is sent to lead the holy instruments.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

General law of warfare directing the slaying of males while taking spoil.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v16Revelation 2:14thematic

New Testament exposure of Balaam's counsel to Balak to cast a stumblingblock.

Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB

David's established statute echoing this division of spoil between combatants and non-combatants.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v7Judges 6:1-2contrast

Shows Midian's survival and subsequent oppression of Israel, illustrating incomplete destruction.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v82 Peter 2:15thematic

Apostolic commentary on Balaam, who loved the wages of unrighteousness.

Supported by JFB

v16Micah 6:5thematic

Prophetic call to remember what Balak consulted and what Balaam answered.

Supported by JFB

v19Numbers 19:11-12thematic

Laws of purification for touching a dead body on third and seventh days.

Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin

v50Exodus 30:12-16thematic

The prescription for ransom money to make atonement for souls.

Supported by Matthew Henry

v8Numbers 24:25thematic

Balaam's departure toward his place before his fatal return to Midian.

Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB

v30Numbers 18:21-24thematic

The standard ordinance allocating tithes and offerings to the Levites.

Supported by Matthew Henry