Numbers18
World English Bible · Public Domain
1Yahweh said to Aaron, “You and your sons and your fathers’ house with you shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary; and you and your sons with you shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.
2Bring your brothers also, the tribe of Levi, the tribe of your father, near with you, that they may be joined to you, and minister to you; but you and your sons with you shall be before the Tent of the Testimony.
3They shall keep your commands and the duty of the whole Tent; only they shall not come near to the vessels of the sanctuary and to the altar, that they not die, neither they nor you.
4They shall be joined to you and keep the responsibility of the Tent of Meeting, for all the service of the Tent. A stranger shall not come near to you.
5“You shall perform the duty of the sanctuary and the duty of the altar, that there be no more wrath on the children of Israel.
6Behold, I myself have taken your brothers the Levites from among the children of Israel. They are a gift to you, dedicated to Yahweh, to do the service of the Tent of Meeting.
7You and your sons with you shall keep your priesthood for everything of the altar, and for that within the veil. You shall serve. I give you the service of the priesthood as a gift. The stranger who comes near shall be put to death.”
8Yahweh spoke to Aaron, “Behold, I myself have given you the command of my wave offerings, even all the holy things of the children of Israel. I have given them to you by reason of the anointing, and to your sons, as a portion forever.
9This shall be yours of the most holy things from the fire: every offering of theirs, even every meal offering of theirs, and every sin offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of theirs, which they shall render to me, shall be most holy for you and for your sons.
10You shall eat of it like the most holy things. Every male shall eat of it. It shall be holy to you.
11“This is yours, too: the wave offering of their gift, even all the wave offerings of the children of Israel. I have given them to you, and to your sons and to your daughters with you, as a portion forever. Everyone who is clean in your house shall eat of it.
12“I have given to you all the best of the oil, all the best of the vintage, and of the grain, the first fruits of them which they give to Yahweh.
13The first-ripe fruits of all that is in their land, which they bring to Yahweh, shall be yours. Everyone who is clean in your house shall eat of it.
14“Everything devoted in Israel shall be yours.
15Everything that opens the womb, of all flesh which they offer to Yahweh, both of man and animal, shall be yours. Nevertheless, you shall surely redeem the firstborn of man, and you shall redeem the firstborn of unclean animals.
16You shall redeem those who are to be redeemed of them from a month old, according to your estimation, for five shekels of money, according to the shekel of the sanctuary, which weighs twenty gerahs.
17“But you shall not redeem the firstborn of a cow, or the firstborn of a sheep, or the firstborn of a goat. They are holy. You shall sprinkle their blood on the altar, and shall burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
18Their meat shall be yours, as the wave offering breast and as the right thigh, it shall be yours.
19All the wave offerings of the holy things which the children of Israel offer to Yahweh, I have given you and your sons and your daughters with you, as a portion forever. It is a covenant of salt forever before Yahweh to you and to your offspring with you.”
20Yahweh said to Aaron, “You shall have no inheritance in their land, neither shall you have any portion among them. I am your portion and your inheritance among the children of Israel.
21“To the children of Levi, behold, I have given all the tithe in Israel for an inheritance, in return for their service which they serve, even the service of the Tent of Meeting.
22Henceforth the children of Israel shall not come near the Tent of Meeting, lest they bear sin, and die.
23But the Levites shall do the service of the Tent of Meeting, and they shall bear their iniquity. It shall be a statute forever throughout your generations. Among the children of Israel, they shall have no inheritance.
24For the tithe of the children of Israel, which they offer as a wave offering to Yahweh, I have given to the Levites for an inheritance. Therefore I have said to them, ‘Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.’”
25Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
26“Moreover you shall speak to the Levites, and tell them, ‘When you take of the children of Israel the tithe which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then you shall offer up a wave offering of it for Yahweh, a tithe of the tithe.
27Your wave offering shall be credited to you, as though it were the grain of the threshing floor, and as the fullness of the wine press.
28Thus you also shall offer a wave offering to Yahweh of all your tithes, which you receive of the children of Israel; and of it you shall give Yahweh’s wave offering to Aaron the priest.
29Out of all your gifts, you shall offer every wave offering to Yahweh, of all its best parts, even the holy part of it.’
30“Therefore you shall tell them, ‘When you heave its best from it, then it shall be credited to the Levites as the increase of the threshing floor, and as the increase of the wine press.
31You may eat it anywhere, you and your households, for it is your reward in return for your service in the Tent of Meeting.
32You shall bear no sin by reason of it, when you have heaved from it its best. You shall not profane the holy things of the children of Israel, that you not die.’”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Numbers 18.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The charge of the priests and Levites. (1–7). The priests' portion. (8–19). The Levites' portion. (20–32).
vv1-7
The people complained of their difficulty and peril in drawing near to God. God here gives them to understand, that the priests should come near for them. Aaron would see reason not to be proud of his preferment, when he considered the great care and charge upon him. Be not high-minded, but fear. The greater the trust of work and power that is committed to us, the greater danger there is of betraying that trust. This is a good reason why we should neither envy others' honours, nor desire high places.
vv8-19
All believers are spiritual priests, and God has promised to take care of them. Godliness has the promise of the life that now is. And from the provision here made for the priests, the apostle shows that it is the duty of christian churches to maintain their ministers. Scandalous maintenance makes scandalous ministers. The priests were to be wholly devoted to their ministry, not diverted from it, or disturbed in it, by worldly care or business. Also, that they might be examples of living by faith, not only in God's providence, but in his ordinances. The best should be offered for the first-fruits unto the Lord. Those who think to save, by putting God off with the refuse, deceive themselves, for God is not mocked.
vv20-32
As Israel was a people not to be numbered among the nations, so Levi was a tribe to be distinguished from the rest. Those who have God for their Inheritance and their Portion for ever, ought to look with holy contempt and indifference upon the possessions of this world. The Levites were to give God his dues out of their tithes, as well as the Israelites out of their increase. See, in verse 31, the way to have comfort in all our worldly possessions, so as to bear no sin by reason of them. 1. We must be sure that what we have is got honestly and in the service of God. That meat is best eaten which is first earned; but if any will not work, neither shall he eat, 2Th 3:10. 2. We must be sure that God has his dues out of it. We have the comfort of our substance, when we have honoured the Lord with it. Ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved the best from it. We should give alms of such things as we have, that all may be holy and comfortable to us.
Key Words
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
אַהֲרוֹן: Aharon, the brother of Moses
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
אָב: father, in a literal and immediate, or figurative and remote application
בַּיִת: a house (in the greatest variation of applications, especially family, etc.)
נָשָׂא: to lift, in a great variety of applications, literal and figurative, absolute and relative
עָוֺן: perversity, i.e. (moral) evil
מִקְדָּשׁ: a consecrated thing or place, especially, a palace, sanctuary (whether of Jehovah or of idols) or asylum
כְּהֻנָּה: priesthood
קָרַב: to approach (causatively, bring near) for whatever purpose
Cross References
Numbers 18Deuteronomy reiterates that Aaron and the Levites have no inheritance; the Lord is their portion.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Explains the significance of the 'covenant of salt' as an enduring, incorruptible pledge using salt in sacrifices.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Paul cites temple service support to establish that gospel ministers have a right to live by the gospel.
Supported by Matthew Henry, JFB
Directly answers the people's terrified cry about dying when drawing near the tabernacle.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel duty where Aaron bears the iniquity of the holy things, prefiguring Christ's mediatorial work.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Specific laws defining the wave breast and heave shoulder as the priests' portion of peace offerings.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin, JFB
Establishes the fundamental law of tithes in Israel, which God here assigns to the Levites.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Verbal play on the name Levi (meaning 'joined'), indicating they are joined to assist Aaron.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The original appointment of the Levites as a gift to minister to Aaron.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The foundational law requiring the consecration and redemption of the firstborn of man and beast.
Supported by John Calvin, JFB
Specifies five shekels as the standard redemption price, matched to the sanctuary shekel.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
The New Testament commentary on the sons of Levi receiving tithes from their brethren.
Supported by John Calvin
Defines who is clean and part of the priest's household to eat the holy things.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Prophetic renewal of the decree that God is the sole inheritance of the priesthood.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Historical practice of Levites giving a tenth of the tithe to the house of God.
Supported by JFB