Exodus13
World English Bible · Public Domain
1Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
2“Sanctify to me all the firstborn, whatever opens the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of animal. It is mine.”
3Moses said to the people, “Remember this day, in which you came out of Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand Yahweh brought you out from this place. No leavened bread shall be eaten.
4Today you go out in the month Abib.
5It shall be, when Yahweh brings you into the land of the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Amorite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite, which he swore to your fathers to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, that you shall keep this service in this month.
6Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, and in the seventh day shall be a feast to Yahweh.
7Unleavened bread shall be eaten throughout the seven days; and no leavened bread shall be seen with you. No yeast shall be seen with you, within all your borders.
8You shall tell your son in that day, saying, ‘It is because of that which Yahweh did for me when I came out of Egypt.’
9It shall be for a sign to you on your hand, and for a memorial between your eyes, that Yahweh’s law may be in your mouth; for with a strong hand Yahweh has brought you out of Egypt.
10You shall therefore keep this ordinance in its season from year to year.
11“It shall be, when Yahweh brings you into the land of the Canaanite, as he swore to you and to your fathers, and will give it to you,
12that you shall set apart to Yahweh all that opens the womb, and every firstborn that comes from an animal which you have. The males shall be Yahweh’s.
13Every firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb; and if you will not redeem it, then you shall break its neck; and you shall redeem all the firstborn of man among your sons.
14It shall be, when your son asks you in time to come, saying, ‘What is this?’ that you shall tell him, ‘By strength of hand Yahweh brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage.
15When Pharaoh stubbornly refused to let us go, Yahweh killed all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both the firstborn of man, and the firstborn of livestock. Therefore I sacrifice to Yahweh all that opens the womb, being males; but all the firstborn of my sons I redeem.’
16It shall be for a sign on your hand, and for symbols between your eyes; for by strength of hand Yahweh brought us out of Egypt.”
17When Pharaoh had let the people go, God didn’t lead them by the way of the land of the Philistines, although that was near; for God said, “Lest perhaps the people change their minds when they see war, and they return to Egypt”;
18but God led the people around by the way of the wilderness by the Red Sea; and the children of Israel went up armed out of the land of Egypt.
19Moses took the bones of Joseph with him, for he had made the children of Israel swear, saying, “God will surely visit you, and you shall carry up my bones away from here with you.”
20They took their journey from Succoth, and encamped in Etham, in the edge of the wilderness.
21Yahweh went before them by day in a pillar of cloud, to lead them on their way, and by night in a pillar of fire, to give them light, that they might go by day and by night:
22the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, didn’t depart from before the people.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Exodus 13.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The first-born sanctified to God, The remembrance of the passover commanded. (1–10). The firstlings of beasts set apart. (11–16). Joseph's bones carried with the Israelites, They come to Etham. (17–20). God guideth the Israelites by a pillar of cloud fire. (21, 22).
vv1-10
In remembrance of the destruction of the first-born of Egypt, both of man and of beast, and the deliverance of the Israelites out of bondage, the first-born males of the Israelites were set apart to the Lord. By this was set before them, that their lives were preserved through the ransom of the atonement, which in due time was to be made for sin. They were also to consider their lives, thus ransomed from death, as now to be consecrated to the service of God. The parents were not to look upon themselves as having any right in their first-born, till they solemnly presented them to God, and allowed his title to them. That which is, by special mercy, spared to us, should be applied to God's honour; at least, some grateful acknowledgment, in works of piety and charity, should be made. The remembrance of their coming out of Egypt must be kept up every year. The day of Christ's resurrection is to be remembered, for in it we were raised up with Christ out of death's house of bondage. The Scripture tells us not expressly what day of the year Christ rose, but it states particularly what day of the week it was; as the more valuable deliverance, it should be remembered weekly. The Israelites must keep the feast of unleavened bread. Under the gospel, we must not only remember Christ, but observe his holy supper. Do this in remembrance of him. Also care must be taken to teach children the knowledge of God. Here is an old law for catechising. It is of great use to acquaint children betimes with the histories of the Bible. And those who have God's law in their heart should have it in their mouth, and often speak of it, to affect themselves, and to teach others.
vv11-16
The firstlings of beast not used in sacrifice, were to be changed for others so used, or they were to be destroyed. Our souls are forfeited to God's justice, and unless ransomed by the sacrifice of Christ, will certainly perish. These institutions would continually remind them of their duty, to love and serve the Lord. In like manner, baptism and the Lord's supper, if explained and attended to, would remind us, and give us occasion to remind one another of our profession and duty.
vv17-20
There were two ways from Egypt to Canaan. One was only a few days' journey; the other was much further about, through the wilderness, and that was the way in which God chose to lead his people Israel. The Egyptians were to be drowned in the Red sea; the Israelites were to be humbled and proved in the wilderness. God's way is the right way, though it seems about. If we think he leads not his people the nearest way, yet we may be sure he leads them the best way, and so it will appear when we come to our journey's end. The Philistines were powerful enemies; it was needful that the Israelites should be prepared for the wars of Canaan, by passing through the difficulties of the wilderness. Thus God proportions his people's trials to their strength, 1Co 10:13. They went up in good order. They went up in five in a rank, some; in five bands, so others, which it seems rather to their faith and hope, that God would bring them to Canaan, in expectation of which they carried these bones with them while in the desert.
Key Words
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
קָדַשׁ: to be (causatively, make, pronounce or observe as) clean (ceremonially or morally)
כֹּל: properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
בְּכוֹר: firstborn; hence, chief
פֶּטֶר: a fissure, i.e. (concretely) firstling (as opening the matrix)
רֶחֶם: the womb
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
אָדָם: ruddy i.e. a human being (an individual or the species, mankind, etc.)
בְּהֵמָה: properly, a dumb beast; especially any large quadruped or animal (often collective)
Cross References
Exodus 13Explicitly quotes the law of the firstborn in Ex 13:2 regarding the presentation of Christ.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Direct fulfillment of Joseph's oath that Israel must carry his bones out of Egypt.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin
Paul explicitly references the fathers being "under the cloud" as a type of Christian baptism and guidance.
Supported by Matthew Henry
New Testament theological commentary on Joseph's command to carry his bones as an act of faith.
Supported by Matthew Henry
The most detailed narrative description of the cloud and fire regulating Israel's journeys and encampments.
Explains the historical background: God claimed the firstborn when He slew Egypt's firstborn.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Typological fulfillment identifying the church of the firstborn registered in heaven.
Supported by JFB
New Testament fulfillment of purging out old leaven to be a new lump.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel command to bind the law as a sign on the hand and frontlets between eyes.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The explicit law detailing the redemption of unclean beasts and human firstborns.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The historical recording of Joseph's bones finally being buried in Shechem.
Supported by John Calvin
Nehemiah's historical prayer recalls God leading them with a pillar of cloud and fire to give light.
Poetic historical remembrance of God leading them with a cloud by day and light of fire by night.
Highlights the cloud as a protective covering and fire to give light in the night.
The culmination of Exodus where the glory of the Lord fills the tabernacle, manifest in the cloud.
Explicitly praises God for not taking away the pillar of cloud and fire despite Israel's rebellions.
Fulfills the prophecy that Egypt's king would only let Israel go by a strong hand.
Supported by JFB
Parallel instruction on how to explain the Exodus and commandments to inquiring children.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
The historical event referenced: God slaying all firstborn in Egypt from Pharaoh to captive.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Prophetic reuse of the cloud and smoke by day and shining fire by night over Mount Zion.
Metaphorical binding of commandments on the fingers and writing them on the heart.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Explores the military terminology of Israel going up 'harnessed' or armed in ranks.
Supported by John Calvin