Leviticus22
New Living Translation
1The Lord said to Moses,
2“Tell Aaron and his sons to be very careful with the sacred gifts that the Israelites set apart for me, so they do not bring shame on my holy name. I am the Lord.
3Give them the following instructions. “In all future generations, if any of your descendants is ceremonially unclean when he approaches the sacred offerings that the people of Israel consecrate to the Lord, he must be cut off from my presence. I am the Lord.
4“If any of Aaron’s descendants has a skin disease or any kind of discharge that makes him ceremonially unclean, he may not eat from the sacred offerings until he has been pronounced clean. He also becomes unclean by touching a corpse, or by having an emission of semen,
5or by touching a small animal that is unclean, or by touching someone who is ceremonially unclean for any reason.
6The man who is defiled in any of these ways will remain unclean until evening. He may not eat from the sacred offerings until he has bathed himself in water.
7When the sun goes down, he will be ceremonially clean again and may eat from the sacred offerings, for this is his food.
8He may not eat an animal that has died a natural death or has been torn apart by wild animals, for this would defile him. I am the Lord.
9“The priests must follow my instructions carefully. Otherwise they will be punished for their sin and will die for violating my instructions. I am the Lord who makes them holy.
10“No one outside a priest’s family may eat the sacred offerings. Even guests and hired workers in a priest’s home are not allowed to eat them.
11However, if the priest buys a slave for himself, the slave may eat from the sacred offerings. And if his slaves have children, they also may share his food.
12If a priest’s daughter marries someone outside the priestly family, she may no longer eat the sacred offerings.
13But if she becomes a widow or is divorced and has no children to support her, and she returns to live in her father’s home as in her youth, she may eat her father’s food again. Otherwise, no one outside a priest’s family may eat the sacred offerings.
14“Any such person who eats the sacred offerings without realizing it must pay the priest for the amount eaten, plus an additional 20 percent.
15The priests must not let the Israelites defile the sacred offerings brought to the Lord
16by allowing unauthorized people to eat them. This would bring guilt upon them and require them to pay compensation. I am the Lord who makes them holy.”
17And the Lord said to Moses,
18“Give Aaron and his sons and all the Israelites these instructions, which apply both to native Israelites and to the foreigners living among you. “If you present a gift as a burnt offering to the Lord, whether it is to fulfill a vow or is a voluntary offering,
19you will be accepted only if your offering is a male animal with no defects. It may be a bull, a ram, or a male goat.
20Do not present an animal with defects, because the Lord will not accept it on your behalf.
21“If you present a peace offering to the Lord from the herd or the flock, whether it is to fulfill a vow or is a voluntary offering, you must offer a perfect animal. It may have no defect of any kind.
22You must not offer an animal that is blind, crippled, or injured, or that has a wart, a skin sore, or scabs. Such animals must never be offered on the altar as special gifts to the Lord.
23If a bull or lamb has a leg that is too long or too short, it may be offered as a voluntary offering, but it may not be offered to fulfill a vow.
24If an animal has damaged testicles or is castrated, you may not offer it to the Lord. You must never do this in your own land,
25and you must not accept such an animal from foreigners and then offer it as a sacrifice to your God. Such animals will not be accepted on your behalf, for they are mutilated or defective.”
26And the Lord said to Moses,
27“When a calf or lamb or goat is born, it must be left with its mother for seven days. From the eighth day on, it will be acceptable as a special gift to the Lord.
28But you must not slaughter a mother animal and her offspring on the same day, whether from the herd or the flock.
29When you bring a thanksgiving offering to the Lord, sacrifice it properly so you will be accepted.
30Eat the entire sacrificial animal on the day it is presented. Do not leave any of it until the next morning. I am the Lord.
31“You must faithfully keep all my commands by putting them into practice, for I am the Lord.
32Do not bring shame on my holy name, for I will display my holiness among the people of Israel. I am the Lord who makes you holy.
33It was I who rescued you from the land of Egypt, that I might be your God. I am the Lord.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Leviticus 22.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: Laws concerning the priests and sacrifices. (1-33).
vv1-33
In this chapter we have divers laws concerning the priests and sacrifices, all for preserving the honour of the sanctuary. Let us recollect with gratitude that our great High Priest cannot be hindered by any thing from the discharge of his office. Let us also remember, that the Lord requires us to reverence his name, his truths, his ordinances, and commandments. Let us beware of hypocrisy, and examine ourselves concerning our sinful defilements, seeking to be purified from them in the blood of Christ, and by his sanctifying Spirit. Whoever attempts to expiate his own sin, or draws near in the pride of self-righteousness, puts as great an affront on Christ, as he who comes to the Lord's table from the gratification of sinful lusts. Nor can the minister who loves the souls of the people, suffer them to continue in this dangerous delusion. He must call upon them, not only to repent of their sins, and forsake them; but to put their whole trust in the atonement of Christ, by faith in his name, for pardon and acceptance with God; thus only will the Lord make them holy, as his own people.
Key Words
דָבַר: perhaps properly, to arrange; but used figuratively (of words), to speak; rarely (in a destructive sense) to subdue
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
אַהֲרוֹן: Aharon, the brother of Moses
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
נָזַר: to hold aloof, i.e. (intransitivey) abstain (from food and drink, from impurity, and even from divine worship (i.e. apostatize)); specifically, to set apart (to sacred purposes), i.e. devote
קֹדֶשׁ: a sacred place or thing; rarely abstract, sanctity
יִשְׂרָאֵל: Jisrael, a symbolical name of Jacob; also (typically) of his posterity
קָדַשׁ: to be (causatively, make, pronounce or observe as) clean (ceremonially or morally)
חָלַל: properly, to bore, i.e. (by implication) to wound, to dissolve; figuratively, to profane (a person, place or thing), to break (one's word), to begin (as if by an 'opening wedge'); to play (the flute)
Cross References
Leviticus 22Exodus prohibits eating torn meat; matches Leviticus forbidding priests from eating what dieth of itself.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Jesus references this restriction regarding the showbread, which was only lawful for priests to eat.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Malachi rebukes Israel for offering blind, lame, and sick animals in violation of this law.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Deuteronomy explicitly forbids sacrificing any animal with a blemish, such as lameness or blindness.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Condemns offering blind, lame, or sick animals, directly mirroring the prohibitions of Leviticus 22:22.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Calvin highlights that keeping the commandments is the beginning of a good and upright life.
Supported by John Calvin
Aaron bears the iniquity of holy things to prevent profaning the Lord's holy name.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Repeats the vital injunction that the priests and people must not profane God's holy name.
Supported by John Calvin
Defines the penalty of being cut off for eating peace offerings while ceremonially unclean.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Establishes status of servants bought with money or born in the house, qualifying them to eat.
Supported by Matthew Poole
The requirement of physical blemishless animals prefigures Christ, who offered Himself without spot to God.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Expands on the requirement to perform vows made to God without slackness or defect.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Connects blemishes that disqualify priests with those that disqualify sacrificial animals.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Rebukes the offering of blemished sacrifices as profaning God's holy name.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallels the command that a newborn animal must be seven days under its dam.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Details the portions of the wave offerings assigned to Aaron's clean family members.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Priests with polluted genealogies were barred from eating holy things until cleared by Urim.
Supported by JFB
Prohibits eating anything that dieth of itself, reinforcing general holiness and blood laws.
Supported by JFB
Parallels the restriction that no stranger or foreigner may eat of the sacred Passover meal.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Establishes restitution laws and adding a fifth part for unwitting trespass in holy things.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Establishes the foundational principle that whatever has a blemish shall not be accepted.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Rebukes offering defiled bread on the altar, correlating to offering blemished animals.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Commands kindness to animals, prohibiting taking the mother bird with her young.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Parallels the law of eating the sacrifice on the same day, leaving none until morning.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Detailing rules for peace offerings and thanksgiving sacrifices, which must be eaten quickly.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Links remembering and doing God's commandments with being holy unto God.
Supported by John Calvin
Points to Yahweh as the one who sanctifies/hallows His covenant people.
Supported by John Calvin
Stresses holiness based on God's redemption of His people from the land of Egypt.
Supported by John Calvin
Explicitly forbids sacrificing any animal with an ill blemish, such as lameness or blindness.
Supported by Matthew Poole