Isaiah1
New International Version
1The vision concerning Judah and Jerusalem that Isaiah son of Amoz saw during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
2Hear me, you heavens! Listen, earth! For the Lord has spoken: “I reared children and brought them up, but they have rebelled against me.
3The ox knows its master, the donkey its owner’s manger, but Israel does not know, my people do not understand.”
4Woe to the sinful nation, a people whose guilt is great, a brood of evildoers, children given to corruption! They have forsaken the Lord; they have spurned the Holy One of Israel and turned their backs on him.
5Why should you be beaten anymore? Why do you persist in rebellion? Your whole head is injured, your whole heart afflicted.
6From the sole of your foot to the top of your head there is no soundness— only wounds and welts and open sores, not cleansed or bandaged or soothed with olive oil.
7Your country is desolate, your cities burned with fire; your fields are being stripped by foreigners right before you, laid waste as when overthrown by strangers.
8Daughter Zion is left like a shelter in a vineyard, like a hut in a cucumber field, like a city under siege.
9Unless the Lord Almighty had left us some survivors, we would have become like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah.
10Hear the word of the Lord, you rulers of Sodom; listen to the instruction of our God, you people of Gomorrah!
11“The multitude of your sacrifices— what are they to me?” says the Lord. “I have more than enough of burnt offerings, of rams and the fat of fattened animals; I have no pleasure in the blood of bulls and lambs and goats.
12When you come to appear before me, who has asked this of you, this trampling of my courts?
13Stop bringing meaningless offerings! Your incense is detestable to me. New Moons, Sabbaths and convocations— I cannot bear your worthless assemblies.
14Your New Moon feasts and your appointed festivals I hate with all my being. They have become a burden to me; I am weary of bearing them.
15When you spread out your hands in prayer, I hide my eyes from you; even when you offer many prayers, I am not listening. Your hands are full of blood!
16Wash and make yourselves clean. Take your evil deeds out of my sight; stop doing wrong.
17Learn to do right; seek justice. Defend the oppressed. Take up the cause of the fatherless; plead the case of the widow.
18“Come now, let us settle the matter,” says the Lord. “Though your sins are like scarlet, they shall be as white as snow; though they are red as crimson, they shall be like wool.
19If you are willing and obedient, you will eat the good things of the land;
20but if you resist and rebel, you will be devoured by the sword.” For the mouth of the Lord has spoken.
21See how the faithful city has become a prostitute! She once was full of justice; righteousness used to dwell in her— but now murderers!
22Your silver has become dross, your choice wine is diluted with water.
23Your rulers are rebels, partners with thieves; they all love bribes and chase after gifts. They do not defend the cause of the fatherless; the widow’s case does not come before them.
24Therefore the Lord, the Lord Almighty, the Mighty One of Israel, declares: “Ah! I will vent my wrath on my foes and avenge myself on my enemies.
25I will turn my hand against you; I will thoroughly purge away your dross and remove all your impurities.
26I will restore your leaders as in days of old, your rulers as at the beginning. Afterward you will be called the City of Righteousness, the Faithful City.”
27Zion will be delivered with justice, her penitent ones with righteousness.
28But rebels and sinners will both be broken, and those who forsake the Lord will perish.
29“You will be ashamed because of the sacred oaks in which you have delighted; you will be disgraced because of the gardens that you have chosen.
30You will be like an oak with fading leaves, like a garden without water.
31The mighty man will become tinder and his work a spark; both will burn together, with no one to quench the fire.”
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Isaiah 1.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The corruptions prevailing among the Jews. (1-9). Severe censures. (10-15). Exhortations to repentance. (16-20). The state of Judah is lamented; with gracious promises of the gospel times. (21-31).
vv1-9
Isaiah signifies, "The salvation of the Lord;" a very suitable name for this prophet, who prophesies so much of Jesus the Saviour, and his salvation. God's professing people did not know or consider that they owed their lives and comforts to God's fatherly care and kindness. How many are very careless in the affairs of their souls! Not considering what we do know in religion, does us as much harm, as ignorance of what we should know. The wickedness was universal. Here is a comparison taken from a sick and diseased body. The distemper threatens to be mortal. From the sole of the foot even to the head; from the meanest peasant to the greatest peer, there is no soundness, no good principle, no religion, for that is the health of the soul. Nothing but guilt and corruption; the sad effects of Adam's fall. This passage declares the total depravity of human nature. While sin remains unrepented, nothing is done toward healing these wounds, and preventing fatal effects. Jerusalem was exposed and unprotected, like the huts or sheds built up to guard ripening fruits. These are still to be seen in the East, where fruits form a large part of the summer food of the people. But the Lord had a small remnant of pious servants at Jerusalem. It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed. The evil nature is in every one of us; only Jesus and his sanctifying Spirit can restore us to spiritual health.
vv10-15
Judea was desolate, and their cities burned. This awakened them to bring sacrifices and offerings, as if they would bribe God to remove the punishment, and give them leave to go on in their sin. Many who will readily part with their sacrifices, will not be persuaded to part with their sins. They relied on the mere form as a service deserving a reward. The most costly devotions of wicked people, without thorough reformation of heart and life, cannot be acceptable to God. He not only did not accept them, but he abhorred them. All this shows that sin is very hateful to God. If we allow ourselves in secret sin, or forbidden indulgences; if we reject the salvation of Christ, our very prayers will become abomination.
vv16-20
Not only feel sorrow for the sin committed, but break off the practice. We must be doing, not stand idle. We must be doing the good the Lord our God requires. It is plain that the sacrifices of the law could not atone, even for outward national crimes. But, blessed be God, there is a Fountain opened, in which sinners of every age and rank may be cleansed. Though our sins have been as scarlet and crimson, a deep dye, a double dye, first in the wool of original corruption, and afterwards in the many threads of actual transgression; though we have often dipped into sin, by many backslidings; yet pardoning mercy will take out the stain, Ps. 51:7. They should have all the happiness and comfort they could desire. Life and death, good and evil, are set before us. O Lord, incline all of us to live to thy glory.
Key Words
חָזוֹן: a sight (mentally), i.e. a dream, revelation, or oracle
יְשַׁעְיָה: Jeshajah, the name of seven Israelites
בֵּן: a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.)
אָמוֹץ: Amots, an Israelite
אֲשֶׁר: who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc.
חָזָה: to gaze at; mentally to perceive, contemplate (with pleasure); specifically, to have avision of
עַל: above, over, upon, or against (yet always in this last relation with a downward aspect) in a great variety of applications
יְהוּדָה: Jehudah (or Judah), the name of five Israelites; also of the tribe descended from the first, and of its territory
יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם: Jerushalaim or Jerushalem, the capital city of Palestine
יוֹם: a day (as the warm hours), whether literal (from sunrise to sunset, or from one sunset to the next), or figurative (a space of time defined by an associated term), (often used adverb)
Cross References
Isaiah 1Direct verbal echo of Moses' covenant witness: 'Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth.'
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Paul directly quotes this verse in Greek to demonstrate the preservation of a faithful remnant.
Parallels the contrast between migrating birds knowing their times and Israel's ignorance.
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Deep thematic connection using the exact imagery of being washed whiter than snow.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Jerusalem restored and called again "the city of truth" and "the faithful city."
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole, JFB
Legal background from the Torah regarding the punishment for a stubborn and rebellious son.
Supported by JFB, Matthew Poole
Spiritually equates Jerusalem with Sodom and Egypt, continuing Isaiah's prophetic identification.
Matches the divine rejection of ritual sacrifices without heart obedience and righteousness.
Strong contemporary prophetic parallel: God hating and despising their feast days.
Summarizes the call to walk humbly, seek justice, and care for the vulnerable.
God planted Israel a noble vine, but she turned into a degenerate, unfaithful plant.
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Elaborates on the metaphor of Israel becoming dross in the furnace to be melted.
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The Lord acts as a refiner's fire to purge away dross from His people.
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Illustrates the typical ancient Middle Eastern medical treatment of binding and mollifying wounds with oil.
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Isaiah's own later development of the desolate, trodden-down vineyard metaphor.
Parallel warning that those who reject wisdom will cry out but God will not answer.
Reprobate silver because the Lord has rejected them, echoing the dross imagery.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Condemns rulers whose drink is diluted or sour, loving shameful gifts instead of justice.
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Law forbidding the very bribery, gift-loving, and perverted justice condemned by Isaiah.
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Parallels rulers who judge for reward and priests who teach for hire.
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The unquenchable fire of judgment that burns up the chaff, matching the fading oak.
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The foundational Torah definition of how Yahweh speaks to prophets via visions.
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The covenant curse of the sword and desolation for refusing to obey.
Lament over the gold becoming dim, echoing the decline of the faithful city.
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The Lord finding ease or comfort in executing His anger against His adversaries.
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Sacrificing under oaks, poplars, and elms, connecting to the desired pagan oaks.
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The wicked as a parched shrub in the desert, matching the waterless garden.
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The future blessing of Jerusalem being called the habitation of justice and holiness.
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