Exodus32
New American Standard
1Now when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down from the mountain, the people assembled around Aaron and said to him, “Come, make us a god who will go before us; for this Moses, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt—we do not know what happened to him.”
2Aaron said to them, “Tear off the gold rings which are in the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.”
3So all the people tore off the gold rings which were in their ears and brought them to Aaron.
4Then he took the gold from their hands, and fashioned it with an engraving tool and made it into a cast metal calf; and they said, “This is your god, Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt.”
5Now when Aaron saw this, he built an altar in front of it; and Aaron made a proclamation and said, “Tomorrow shall be a feast to the Lord.”
6So the next day they got up early and offered burnt offerings, and brought peace offerings; and the people sat down to eat and to drink, and got up to engage in lewd behavior.
7Then the Lord spoke to Moses, “Go down at once, for your people, whom you brought up from the land of Egypt, have behaved corruptly.
8They have quickly turned aside from the way which I commanded them. They have made for themselves a cast metal calf, and have worshiped it and have sacrificed to it and said, ‘This is your god, Israel, who brought you up from the land of Egypt!’”
9Then the Lord said to Moses, “I have seen this people, and behold, they are an obstinate people.
10So now leave Me alone, that My anger may burn against them and that I may destroy them; and I will make of you a great nation.”
11Then Moses pleaded with the Lord his God, and said, “Lord, why does Your anger burn against Your people whom You have brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?
12Why should the Egyptians talk, saying, ‘With evil motives He brought them out, to kill them on the mountains and to destroy them from the face of the earth’? Turn from Your burning anger and relent of doing harm to Your people.
13Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, Your servants to whom You swore by Yourself, and said to them, ‘I will multiply your descendants as the stars of the heavens, and all this land of which I have spoken I will give to your descendants, and they shall inherit it forever.’”
14So the Lord relented of the harm which He said He would do to His people.
15Then Moses turned and went down from the mountain with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand, tablets which were written on both sides; they were written on one side and the other.
16The tablets were God’s work, and the writing was God’s writing engraved on the tablets.
17Now when Joshua heard the sound of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “There is a sound of war in the camp.”
18But he said, “It is not the sound of the cry of victory, Nor is it the sound of the cry of defeat; But I hear the sound of singing.”
19And it came about, as soon as Moses approached the camp, that he saw the calf and the people dancing; and Moses’ anger burned, and he threw the tablets from his hands and shattered them to pieces at the foot of the mountain.
20Then he took the calf which they had made and completely burned it with fire, and ground it to powder, and scattered it over the surface of the water and made the sons of Israel drink it.
21Then Moses said to Aaron, “What did this people do to you, that you have brought such a great sin upon them?”
22And Aaron said, “Do not let the anger of my lord burn; you know the people yourself, that they are prone to evil.
23For they said to me, ‘Make a god for us who will go before us; for this Moses, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt—we do not know what happened to him.’
24So I said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let them tear it off.’ Then they gave it to me, and I threw it into the fire, and out came this calf.”
25Now when Moses saw that the people were out of control—for Aaron had let them get out of control to the point of being an object of ridicule among their enemies—
26Moses then stood at the gate of the camp, and said, “Whoever is for the Lord, come to me!” And all the sons of Levi gathered together to him.
27And he said to them, “This is what the Lord, the God of Israel says: ‘Every man of you put his sword on his thigh, and go back and forth from gate to gate in the camp, and kill every man his brother, and every man his friend, and every man his neighbor.’”
28So the sons of Levi did as Moses instructed, and about three thousand men of the people fell that day.
29Then Moses said, “Dedicate yourselves today to the Lord—for every man has been against his son and against his brother—in order that He may bestow a blessing upon you today.”
30And on the next day Moses said to the people, “You yourselves have committed a great sin; and now I am going up to the Lord; perhaps I can make atonement for your sin.”
31Then Moses returned to the Lord and said, “Oh, this people has committed a great sin, and they have made a god of gold for themselves!
32But now, if You will forgive their sin, very well; but if not, please wipe me out from Your book which You have written!”
33However, the Lord said to Moses, “Whoever has sinned against Me, I will wipe him out of My book.
34But go now, lead the people where I told you. Behold, My angel shall go before you; nevertheless on the day when I punish, I will punish them for their sin.”
35Then the Lord struck the people with a plague, because of what they did with the calf which Aaron had made.
Study Guide
Public-domain commentary and original-language notes for Exodus 32.
Chapter Summary
In this chapter: The people cause Aaron to make a golden calf. (1–6). God's displeasure, The intercession of Moses. (7–14). Moses breaks the tables of the law, He destroys the golden calf. (15–20). Aaron's excuse, The idolaters slain. (21–29). Moses prays for the people. (30–35).
vv1-6
While Moses was in the mount, receiving the law from God, the people made a tumultuous address to Aaron. This giddy multitude were weary of waiting for the return of Moses. Weariness in waiting betrays to many temptations. The Lord must be waited for till he comes, and waited for though he tarry. Let their readiness to part with their ear-rings to make an idol, shame our niggardliness in the service of the true God. They did not draw back on account of the cost of their idolatry; and shall we grudge the expenses of religion? Aaron produced the shape of an ox or calf, giving it some finish with a graving tool. They offered sacrifice to this idol. Having set up an image before them, and so changed the truth of God into a lie, their sacrifices were abomination. Had they not, only a few days before, in this very place, heard the voice of the Lord God speaking to them out of the midst of the fire, Thou shalt not make to thyself any graven image? Had they not themselves solemnly entered into covenant with God, that they would do all he had said to them, and would be obedient? ch. 24:7. Yet before they stirred from the place where this covenant had been solemnly made, they brake an express command, in defiance of an express threatening. It plainly shows, that the law was no more able to make holy, than it was to justify; by it is the knowledge of sin, but not the cure of sin. Aaron was set apart by the Divine appointment to the office of the priesthood; but he, who had once shamed himself so far as to build an altar to a golden calf, must own himself unworthy of the honour of attending at the altar of God, and indebted to free grace alone for it. Thus pride and boasting were silenced.
vv7-14
God says to Moses, that the Israelites had corrupted themselves. Sin is the corruption of the sinner, and it is a self-corruption; every man is tempted when he is drawn aside of his own lust. They had turned aside out of the way. Sin is a departing from the way of duty into a by-path. They soon forgot God's works. He sees what they cannot discover, nor is any wickedness of the world hid from him. We could not bear to see the thousandth part of that evil which God sees every day. God expresses the greatness of his just displeasure, after the manner of men who would have prayer of Moses could save them from ruin; thus he was a type of Christ, by whose mediation alone, God would reconcile the world to himself. Moses pleads God's glory. The glorifying God's name, as it ought to be our first petition, and it is so in the Lord's prayer, so it ought to be our great plea. And God's promises are to be our pleas in prayer; for what he has promised he is able to perform. See the power of prayer. In answer to the prayers of Moses, God showed his purpose of sparing the people, as he had before seemed determined on their destruction; which change of the outward discovery of his purpose, is called repenting of the evil.
vv15-20
What a change it is, to come down from the mount of communion with God, to converse with a wicked world. In God we see nothing but what is pure and pleasing; in the world nothing but what is sinful and provoking. That it might appear an idol is nothing in the world, Moses ground the calf to dust. Mixing this powder with their drink, signified that the backslider in heart should be filled with his own ways.
Key Words
עַם: a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of Israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock
רָאָה: to see, literally or figuratively (in numerous applications, direct and implied, transitive, intransitive and causative)
מֹשֶׁה: Mosheh, the Israelite lawgiver
בּוּשׁ: properly, to pale, i.e. by implication to be ashamed; also (by implication) to be disappointed or delayed
יָרַד: to descend (literally, to go downwards; or conventionally to a lower region, as the shore, a boundary, the enemy, etc.; or figuratively, to fall); causatively, to bring down (in all the above applications)
מִן: properly, a part of; hence (prepositionally), from or out of in many senses
הַר: a mountain or range of hills (sometimes used figuratively)
קָהַל: to convoke
אַהֲרוֹן: Aharon, the brother of Moses
אָמַר: to say (used with great latitude)
Cross References
Exodus 32Stephen quotes the people's demand to Aaron: 'Make us gods to go before us...'
Supported by Matthew Poole
Paul explicitly quotes verse 6: 'The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play.'
Supported by Matthew Poole
Moses praises Levi for ignoring family ties to execute God's judgment at the golden calf.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Paul's parallel willingness to be accursed for his brethren echoes Moses' prayer of self-sacrifice.
Supported by Matthew Henry, John Calvin, JFB
Historically recounts Israel making a calf in Horeb and changing their Glory into an ox's image.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Jeroboam duplicates this exact apostasy, making two golden calves and repeating the formula of deliverance.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Parallel account where God commands Moses to go down because the people quickly corrupted themselves.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Moses describes how he took the calf, burnt it, crushed it, and ground it into dust.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Psalmic reflection on Moses standing in the breach to turn away God's destroying wrath.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
Stephen recounts their making of a calf and offering sacrifice to the idol.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Celebrates Moses standing in the breach to turn away God's wrath from destroying them.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Deuteronomy's record of Moses' intense prayer pleading God's past redemption and covenant.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Moses uses a highly similar plea, arguing that the Egyptians will hear and mock God.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Explicit Mosaic recollection of God's extreme anger against Aaron and Moses praying for him.
Supported by Matthew Poole, JFB
Biblical motif of the 'book of the living' from which the wicked are blotted.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
The promise of the guiding Angel, repeated here after Israel's great sin.
Supported by Matthew Poole, John Calvin
Theological exposition of changing the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image of beasts.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Nehemiah confesses Israel's sin of making a molten calf and committing great provocations.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Stephen applies the term 'stiffnecked' to the rebellious council, echoing God's description here.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Directly links to the moment Moses received the two stone tablets written by God's finger.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Moses recalls casting the tables out of his hands and breaking them before their eyes.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Aaron's evasive defense mirrors Adam shifting blame to the woman and circumstances.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Parallel use of 'naked' to describe spiritual exposure and shame caused by moral rebellion.
Supported by Matthew Henry, Matthew Poole
God's covenant with Levi established because of their fear and stand for righteousness.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Stephen's speech to the Sanhedrin specifically citing Israel making a calf and rejoicing.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Abimelech's question to Abraham uses identical phrasing regarding bringing a great sin upon a kingdom.
Supported by Matthew Poole
Another instance where zeal in executing judgment secures a lasting priestly blessing.
Supported by Matthew Henry
Deuteronomic account of Moses prostrating himself forty days for Israel's golden calf sin.
Supported by John Calvin
Christ's promise not to blot the overcomer's name out of the Book of Life.
Supported by Matthew Poole
New Testament warning on wilderness judgments, serving as an example for the church.
Supported by Matthew Henry